What is Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)?

Why in News ? Recent reports from Madhya Pradesh (Neemuch district) indicate multiple cases and deaths linked to Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), prompting public health response and outbreak investigation.

What is Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)?

• GBS is an autoimmune disorderwhere the immune system attacks peripheral nerves, causing muscle weakness and, in severe cases, paralysis.
• It is rare, affecting 1–2 per 100,000 people annually.
• It is more common in adults and males.
• It is often triggered by viral or bacterial infections, especially Campylobacter jejuni(a cause of gastroenteritis), influenza, Epstein-Barr virus, Zika virus, or, in rare cases, vaccinations.
• Its Symptoms: 
  • Early signs:Tingling, weakness in legs spreading to the upper body, pins-and-needles sensation, back pain.
  • Severe cases:Paralysis, breathing difficulties, loss of speech, vision problems.
  • Complications:Can affect the autonomic nervous system, leading to irregular heartbeat, blood pressure fluctuations, and potential respiratory failure.

Treatment and Recovery:

• No definitive cure, but treatments include:
  • Plasma Exchange (Plasmapheresis):Removes harmful antibodies attacking nerves.
  • Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) Therapy:Injects healthy antibodies to counteract immune attacks.
• Supportive care:Some patients require ventilator support, physical therapy, and months to years of rehabilitation.