What is Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)?

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone that plays a significant role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. It is an incretin, a type of hormone released from the gut in response to food intake, which enhances insulin secretion from the pancreas. Here is a detailed overview of GLP-1, its functions, and its therapeutic applications:

Overview of GLP-1:

• Origin: GLP-1 is secreted by the L-cells in the small intestine in response to nutrient ingestion.
• Structure: It is a peptide hormone composed of 30-31 amino acids.

Functions of GLP-1:

1. Enhancement of Insulin Secretion:
   • GLP-1 stimulates the beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin in response to food intake, thereby helping to lower blood glucose levels.
2. Inhibition of Glucagon Secretion:
   • It suppresses the release of glucagon from the alpha cells of the pancreas, which prevents the liver from producing and releasing excessive glucose into the bloodstream.
3. Slowing Gastric Emptying:
   • GLP-1 slows down the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine, which helps to reduce postprandial (after eating) blood sugar spikes.
4. Reduction of Appetite:
   • It acts on the brain to promote a feeling of satiety and reduce appetite, which can help with weight management.
5. Cardioprotective Effects:
   • Emerging evidence suggests that GLP-1 may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health, including improving cardiac function and reducing inflammation.

Therapeutic Applications:

GLP-1 has become a target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Several GLP-1 receptor agonists, which mimic the effects of natural GLP-1, have been developed as medications. These include: