The Strait of Hormuz: Strategic Importance and Recent Tensions

Why in News?  The Strait of Hormuz has been a focal point in recent news due to escalating tensions between Iran, Israel, and the United States, particularly following U.S. airstrikes on Iranian nuclear facilities in June 2025.

Relevance : UPSC Pre &  Mains

Prelims : Zonal council

Mains :   GS 2

What is the Strait of Hormuz?

The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway connecting the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. At its narrowest, it is 33 kilometers wide, with shipping lanes only 3 kilometers wide in each direction. It is bordered by Iran to the north and Oman and the UAE to the south. This chokepoint handles 20–30% of the world’s oil supply, transporting approximately 20 million barrels of oil daily, making it crucial for global trade and energy security.

Background of the Conflict:

U.S. Airstrikes:
On June 22, 2025, the U.S. targeted three key Iranian nuclear sites using advanced weaponry, claiming to delay Iran’s nuclear program. Iran vowed to retaliate, citing the closure of the Strait of Hormuz as a potential measure.

Israel-Iran Tensions:
Earlier in June, Israel conducted strikes on Iranian sites, prompting retaliatory actions. A temporary ceasefire brokered by the U.S. faltered, with both nations escalating hostilities.

Iran’s Threats to Close the Strait:

Iran’s parliament approved a proposal to close the strait, though the final decision rests with the Supreme National Security Council. Closing the strait would involve tactics like mining, vessel seizures, or direct attacks. However, experts believe a prolonged closure is unlikely due to its devastating economic consequences for Iran and its allies.

Global Implications:

Impact on Oil Markets:
A closure could spike oil prices by up to 70%, causing inflation and economic slowdown. Countries like India, heavily reliant on oil from the strait, would face significant challenges.

Maritime Security Concerns:
Since the tensions began, vessels have faced GPS jamming and electronic interference, prompting heightened security measures and reduced maritime traffic.

 International Reactions:

1. Western Response:
   The U.S. and its allies have warned Iran against closing the strait, emphasizing its global economic impact. Diplomatic efforts are underway to de-escalate tensions.
2. China’s Role:
   As a major importer of Iranian oil, China has urged restraint to avoid supply disruptions.

Why Iran Might Hesitate?

• Economic Risks: Closing the strait would hurt Iran’s own oil exports, particularly to China.
• Alternative Measures: Iran may opt for selective disruptions, such as cyberattacks or drone strikes, to avoid full-scale conflict.