Quantum Technology and National Security Risks/क्वांटम प्रौद्योगिकी और राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा जोखिम:

Quantum Technology and National Security Risks

1. Unique Features of Quantum Computing

• Quantum computing uses quantum bits (qubits), which can exist in multiple states simultaneously.
• Offers immense computational power, enabling faster execution of certain tasks compared to classical computers.
• Potential to crack modern encryption systems, destabilize financial markets, and revolutionize military capabilities.

2. National Security and Economic Risks

• Quantum advancements may jeopardize national security and economic competitiveness.
• Public-key encryption, the basis of modern internet security, could become obsolete with powerful quantum computers.
• Export restrictions on critical quantum components like Arbitrary Waveform Generators (AWGs) and cryogenic systems are tightening.

3. Global Investments in Quantum Development

• China: Leads with $15 billion public investment.
• United States: Allocated $5 billion, supported by private sector giants like Google, IBM, and PsiQuantum.
• India: National Quantum Mission (NQM) launched with $750 million investment for quantum computing, communication, and materials.

4. India’s National Quantum Mission (NQM)

• Budget of Rs 6,003 crore to strengthen quantum-related capabilities.
• Focus on hardware development as a critical enabler for quantum advancements.
• Encouraging the growth of a startup ecosystem in quantum technologies, including ultra-high purity materials and control electronics.

5. Strategic Challenges

• Quantum advancements may lead to technological surprises and strategic blind spots.
• Increased export controls on quantum components can hinder access to critical technologies.
• India’s quantum efforts traditionally focused on fundamental science rather than technology commercialization.

6. Recommendations for India

• Develop and implement a Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) transition plan to ensure secure data systems.
• Forge international partnerships for technology access and expertise sharing.
• Increase funding and support for quantum startups to drive innovation and commercialization.

7. Global Approaches to Quantum Development

• United States: Combines government support with private sector initiatives, emphasizing diverse quantum modalities.
• China: Centralized, state-driven strategy with large-scale programs and military integration.
• India: Focused on economical solutions and leveraging frugal innovation for quantum advancements.

8. Role of Academia and Startups in India

• Over 170 professors engaged in quantum technology research across leading institutions.
• Emerging startup activity in quantum software, algorithms, and quantum-safe cryptography, though limited by funding.
• Growing emphasis on specialized quantum hardware and materials.

9. Strategic Vision

• Early investment in hardware and foundational technologies positions India to leverage quantum advancements in the long term.
• Balancing frugal innovation with competitive public-private partnerships is key to progress.