Viksit Bharat Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) and VB-RAM (Gramin) Bill, 2025:

This Bill replaces the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005.

• It guarantees 125 days of wage employment per financial year to every rural household (up from 100 days under MGNREGA).
• Focuses on empowerment, growth, convergence, and saturation through public works, forming a Viksit Bharat National Rural Infrastructure Stack with emphasis on water security, core rural infrastructure, and livelihood projects.
• Introduces stronger local planning via Viksit Gram Panchayat Plans and institutional mechanisms like Central and State Gramin Rozgar Guarantee Councils.
• Passed amid protests, with Opposition alleging dilution of rights, while the government claims it aligns with Viksit Bharat @2047 vision.

Sustainable Harnessing of Energy for Transforming Nuclear India (SHANTI) Bill, 2025:

This comprehensive Bill replaces the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010.

• Opens India’s civil nuclear sector to private participation (including joint ventures) for the first time since Independence.
• Allows up to 49% FDI in certain activities and streamlines licensing, with safety and regulatory safeguards retained.
• Revises nuclear liability limits (tiered from Rs100 crore to Rs3,000 crore based on reactor capacity) and removes recourse for defective equipment supply.
• Aims to boost nuclear capacity to 100 GW by 2047, supporting clean energy, hydrogen production, and advanced technologies.
• Passed amid Opposition concerns over privatization risks.

Sabka Bima Sabka Raksha Bill (Amendment of Insurance Laws), 2025:

This Bill amends the Insurance Act, 1938, Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956, and Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999.

• Increases FDI limit in Indian insurance companies from 74% to 100% of paid-up equity capital.
• Strengthens IRDAI regulatory powers and simplifies share transfer approvals.
• Mandates at least one top executive (chairperson, MD, or CEO) to be an Indian citizen.
• Promotes universal insurance coverage (“Har Ghar Bima by 2047”), expands rural outreach, and attracts global capital to boost penetration.
• Passed as a key reform for financial inclusion.

Manipur Goods and Services Tax (Second Amendment) Bill, 2025

This Bill amends the Manipur Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 to align with national GST changes.

• Implements 56th GST Council decisions, rationalizing rates by merging slabs into primarily 5% and 18% for ~375 items.
• Introduces a track-and-trace mechanism for specified goods and clarifies provisions for SEZ supplies.
• Replaces an October 2025 Ordinance, enacted under President’s Rule in Manipur (since February 2025).
• Aims to boost revenue, curb evasion, and ease compliance in the state.

Central Excise (Amendment) Bill, 2025

This Bill amends the Central Excise Act, 1944 to adjust duties on tobacco products.

• Increases central excise duties on unmanufactured tobacco, manufactured tobacco, cigarettes, cigars, hookah tobacco, chewing tobacco, and substitutes.
• Provides fiscal space to maintain tax incidence after the GST compensation cess ends (e.g., duties on cigarettes rise to Rs 2,700–11,000 per 1,000 sticks).
• Targets “sin goods” to discourage consumption and protect public health.
• Ensures revenue stability without harming tobacco farmers or beedi workers.

Health Security Cess on National Security Cess Bill, 2025:

This Bill introduces a special cess on production of specified goods (initially pan masala; expandable via notification).

• Levied on machines installed or processes undertaken (capacity-based, e.g., per machine speed or manual production).
• Proceeds fund public health and national security expenditures (credited to Consolidated Fund of India).
• Replaces GST compensation cess on demerit goods, with penalties for evasion.
• Aims to curb health risks from such products while creating stable revenue for key priorities.
• Passed as a Money Bill.

Supplementary Demands for Grants – First Batch, 2025-26:

This is a financial proposal under Article 113 of the Constitution, seeking Parliament’s approval for additional expenditure in the financial year 2025-26 beyond the original Budget Estimates. It was presented by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in the Lok Sabha on December 1, 2025, discussed on December 12-15, and passed by both Houses (Lok Sabha on December 15 and Rajya Sabha on December 16) along with the related Appropriation (No. 4) Bill, 2025.

• Gross Additional Expenditure: 1.32 lakh crore (1,32,000 crore), which includes internal savings and adjustments within ministries/departments.
• Net Additional Expenditure (Cash Outgo): 41,455 crore (41,455.39 crore), requiring fresh parliamentary approval.
• Savings/Adjustments: 90,812 crore met through internal savings, higher receipts, or recoveries.
• Key Purposes: Covers unanticipated expenses such as subsidies, defence procurement, infrastructure, and other urgent needs.
• Major Allocations:

• • Fertiliser and Related Subsidies: Over Rs18,525 crore (largest component).
  • Petroleum Subsidies: Around Rs 9,500 crore to compensate oil marketing companies for under-recoveries.
  • Defence: Rs 41,030 crore (approx.) for procurement and capital expenses.
  • Other Areas: Includes provisions for Jammu & Kashmir/Ladakh (e.g., Rs 2,504 crore for Ladakh liabilities and Rs 340 crore for specific projects), and various ministry-specific needs.

• Scope: Covers 72 grants and one appropriation.
• Fiscal Context: Aligns with the government’s focus on fiscal consolidation (targeting a fiscal deficit of 4.4% in 2025-26, down from higher levels post-COVID).
• Debate Highlights: Opposition raised concerns over GDP calculations, rising debt, and economic management, while the government highlighted growth achievements and support for farmers/poor.

This was the first batch of supplementary demands in the Winter Session of Parliament (December 1–19, 2025), enabling the government to meet mid-year funding requirements without disrupting fiscal discipline.