Daily UPSC Current : 6 August 2025/Laundro

Why in News?   A report submitted by the Finance Minister in the Rajya Sabha highlights that:

• 5,892 cases have been registered under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002, since 2015.
• Only 15 convictions have been secured so far.
• The government claims Enforcement Case Information Reports (ECIRs) have been issued in all cases, and investigations have begun.
• However, the low conviction rate and the rising number of cases indicate serious challenges in stopping money laundering.

What is a Laundromat? 

• The term “laundromat” comes from how U.S. crime groups used laundromats to hide illegal financial activities.
• In financial terms, a laundromat is a financial vehicle (like a bank or financial service firm) that can be used to:
• Launder the proceeds of crime
• Hide asset ownership
• Avoid taxes
• Embezzle funds
• Get around currency restrictions
• Move money offshore

How Does Money Laundering Work? 

• According to Section 3 of PMLA, money laundering involves steps that make illegally obtained money seem legal. It usually includes three stages:

Placement: 

• Illegal money is introduced into the financial system, often by smurfing—breaking large amounts into smaller ones.

Layering:

• The money is shifted through various transactions to hide its source, often involving multiple jurisdictions.

Integration:

• The ‘cleaned’ money is reintroduced into the economy through real estate, businesses, or assets.
• The Supreme Court in P. Chidambaram v. ED (2019) stressed that this act harms financial integrity and national security.

Recent Issues Highlighted in the Article 

• The extremely low conviction rate (15 out of 5,892 cases).
• Despite strict laws, money laundering keeps increasing.
• The Supreme Court noted the misuse of PMLA provisions by authorities.
• The politicization of enforcement agencies in starting proceedings.

What are the Key Issues? 

Lack of Convictions: 

• The low conviction rate raises questions about the effectiveness of the PMLA.

Abuse of Power: 

Courts have pointed out the arbitrary or politically motivated use of the law.

Judicial Concerns:

• In Vijay Madanlal Chaudhary v. Union of India (2022), the Supreme Court ruled that:
• A scheduled offence is needed to prosecute under Section 3.
• But property can be seized under Section 5 even without a prior criminal case—this has led to misuse.

Economic and National Risk: 

• It damages monetary stability and contributes to inflation.
• It is also used as a tool for terror financing, which presents a security threat.

Steps Taken So Far :

• PMLA 2002 was enacted to prevent and prosecute money laundering.
• The burden of proof lies with the accused, unlike other criminal laws.
• An ECIR is enough to start proceedings without an FIR (Vir Bhadra Singh v. ED, 2017).
• India has signed Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs) with over 85 countries to share financial information.

Way Forward :

Strengthen Implementation:

Ensure that genuine cases are prosecuted effectively and hold authorities accountable for misuse.

Follow FATF Guidelines: 

• Implement the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) to improve transparency and cooperation.

Curb Political Misuse: 

• Create independent oversight to prevent selective targeting under PMLA.

Enhance Capacity: 

• Invest in technology and training to boost the investigative capacity of ED and related agencies.

Judicial Reforms: 

• Establish special fast-track courts for money laundering cases to speed up convictions.

Conclusion  :

Money laundering is not just an economic crime; it is closely linked to terror financing, tax evasion, and national security. A clear, accountable, and strong enforcement mechanism is crucial to fight this problem. Legal provisions should not be used for political purposes but to strengthen the rule of law and financial integrity in the country.