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Consider the following statements about the National Adaptation Plans (NAPs):

1. The process of formulating and implementing NAPs was established under the Cancun Adaptation Framework.

2. NAPs are mandatory submissions for all developing countries under the Paris Agreement.

3. The main objective of NAPs is to reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change and integrate adaptation into national development planning.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the principle of “Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC)” in international climate negotiations:

1. The Paris Agreement entirely replaces CBDR-RC with a uniform mitigation framework applicable to all countries.

2. CBDR-RC allows developing countries to take actions voluntarily, based on their national circumstances and development priorities.

3. The operationalization of CBDR-RC in the Paris Agreement is reflected through nationally determined contributions (NDCs).

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the “Rare Earth Hypothesis”, consider the following statements:

1. It proposes that microbial life may be common in the universe, but complex multicellular life is rare due to the need for many coinciding planetary and stellar conditions.

2. Observations from the Kepler mission confirm that most Earth-sized planets in habitable zones possess atmospheres similar to Earth’s.

3. Planets orbiting M-dwarf stars may lose their atmospheres more easily due to intense stellar radiation and flares.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to M-dwarfs (Red Dwarfs), consider the following statements:

1. They constitute the majority of stars in the Milky Way and have lifetimes far longer than that of the Sun.

2. Their habitable zones lie very close to the star, increasing the likelihood of tidal locking for orbiting planets.

3. Because of their long lifetimes and low stellar activity, planets around M-dwarfs are considered the most stable environments for complex life.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?