• New Batch: 16/01/2024

About ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropology has repeatedly turned out to be among the most popular optional courses among the Civil Services applicants of the UPSC exam. The main factor that contributed to its massive popularity is the perfectly organized and compact syllabus of the subject, which is not only easy to cover within available preparation time, but is also highly intelligible, including those who are not humanities majors. The fact that all kinds of quality study materials; such as standard textbooks, coaching notes, and online materials, are available further contributes to its attractiveness by candidates.

The inter-disciplinary nature of Anthropology is particularly peculiar to this field of science since it arises between natural sciences and social sciences. The topic contains scientific content like human genetics, evolution, biological anthropology, archaeological techniques and is therefore appealing especially to science graduates and engineering graduates who have no issue working with logical analyses and interpretation of facts. Combining the theoretical aspects of the presented idea and examples based on Indian social life, the aspirants can familiarize the topic and relate it to the problems of our world better, both deepening their knowledge and improving the quality of answers during the exam.

The other attractive fact about the popularity of Anthropology is that it scores high. It is a subject that is objective in character, and when the candidate is well prepared and employs answer writing strategies, it usually becomes easy to score more marks as opposed to certain other humanities optional. A number of toppers have chosen Anthropology in the several years and been very successful. An example of this would be Shubham Kumar, who ranked All India 1 in the 2020 UPSC Civil Services Examination making it a case study in terms of using Anthropology as an optional subject that can secure top ranks.

Altogether, the brief syllabus, scientific background, resource availability, and effective success record make Anthropology a witty and rational decision that UPSC candidates should choose to get impressive results on the mains exam.

Why Choose VAID ICS Lucknow for Anthropology?

VAID ICS Lucknow is one of the most distinguished coaching institutes in India that can lead you in this journey provided you are looking at Anthropology as your UPSC optional. Here’s why:

  • Tradition of Excellence: VAID ICS boasts of a track record of topping and high ranking students in UPSC and many students choose Anthropology as their successful optional subject.
  • Expert Faculty: The institute has experienced and skilled teachers that are subject-matter experts and experienced teachers in the arena of Anthropology and preparing students to crack the UPSC. Their experiences, tactics and coaching can really improve yours.
  • Comprehensive Coverage: At VAID ICS, the Anthropology program addresses the whole syllabus in an organized, planned approach that makes it conceptually clear, frequent clearing of doubts as well as covering details of the static and dynamic sections.
  • High-Quality Study Material: The negligible difference between notes, latest handouts, and other value addition to the study material is that they have been developed after thorough research.
  • Answer Writing Practice: Regular tests, PYQ discussions, and answer writing sessions help students master the art of structuring answers as per UPSC standards—an essential factor in scoring high marks.
  • Focused Batch Sizes: Personalized attention is a priority. Smaller batch sizes ensure one-on-one mentoring and individualized feedback, making learning more effective.
  • Success-Oriented Strategy: The coaching adopts a result-driven teaching methodology with a blend of lectures, applied learning, case studies, and interactive sessions to boost retention and real-world application.
  • Affordable & Accessible: With an affordable fee structure and both offline and online class options, VAID ICS makes high-quality Anthropology coaching accessible to aspirants from all backgrounds.
Course Duration

5-6 Months

Medium

English

Study Material

Well designed comprehensive book package.

ANTHROPOLOGY

Course Information

Interlinking

Interlinking of various topics and its overlap with GS PAPERS.

Sectional Test

Total number of 24 Sectional test of both Paper-1 & Paper-2.

Full Length Test

Total number of 8 Full length test of both Paper-1 & Paper-2.

Sessions

Personalized mentoring sessions.

Focus

Focus on conceptual clarity and current based approach.

Evaluated test

Evaluated test copy will be sent back to the students within 14 days after receiving the answer sheet.

Dedicated support

For improving answer writing skills through evaluation of descriptive answers with improvement suggestions.

Weekly Current Affair

Weekly Current Affair issues discussion published in The Hindu & The Indian Express News Paper.

Discussion of UPSC

Discussion of UPSC previous year question papers & most important areas for Mains 2022 & 2023.

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Lectures

Important Videos

Available

Course Fee

₹ 40,000/-

Offline Course
Hybrid Classes (Offline + Online)
  • Get all features mentioned above in course features section Classes in hybrid mode so offline classes can be seen online through live App.
  • Student can revise all class lectures through our App in hybrid mode.
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₹ 30,000/- 35,000

Online Course
Live Classes
  • Get all features mentioned above in course features section.
  • All classes is conducting in live mode so student can ask question during live session.
  • Separate Live Doubt in audio & video mode with our faculties.
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₹ 15,000/- 20,000

Pen Drive Course
Live Doubt Session
  • Get all features mentioned above in course features section.
  • All classes is in recorded form.
  • Separate Live Doubt in audio & Video mode with our faculties.
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ANTHROPOLOGY

Syllabus

Unit 1: Introduction to Anthropology

1.1 Meaning, Scope and Development of Anthropology

  • Definition and aims
  • Historical development and growth
  • Scope in contemporary world

1.2 Relationship with Other Disciplines

  • Social Sciences
  • Behavioural Sciences
  • Life Sciences
  • Medical Sciences
  • Earth Sciences
  • Humanities

1.3 Main Branches of Anthropology: Scope and Relevance

  • (a) Social-Cultural Anthropology
  • (b) Biological Anthropology
  • (c) Archaeological Anthropology
  • (d) Linguistic Anthropology

Unit 2: Human Evolution and Biological Anthropology

1.4 Human Evolution and Emergence of Man

  • (a) Biological and Cultural Factors in Human Evolution
  • (b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre-Darwinian, Darwinian, Post-Darwinian)
  • (c) Synthetic Theory of Evolution
    • Doll’s Rule, Cope’s Rule, Gause’s Rule
    • Parallelism, Convergence
    • Adaptive Radiation, Mosaic Evolution

1.5 Primatology

  • Characteristics of Primates
  • Evolutionary Trends and Primate Taxonomy
  • Arboreal and Terrestrial Adaptations
  • Primate Behaviour
  • Fossil Primates (Tertiary and Quaternary)
  • Living Major Primates
  • Comparative Anatomy (Man vs. Apes)
  • Skeletal Changes due to Erect Posture

1.6 Phylogenetic Status, Characteristics and Geographical Distribution

  • (a) Australopithecines (South and East Africa)
  • (b) Homo Erectus
    • Africa (Paranthropus)
    • Europe (Homo heidelbergensis)
    • Asia (Homo javanicus, Homo pekinensis)
  • (c) Neanderthal Man (Classical & Progressive Types)
  • (d) Rhodesian Man
  • (e) Homo sapiens (Cro-Magnon, Grimaldi, Chancelade)

Unit 3: Prehistoric Archaeology

1.7 Biological Basis of Life

  • Cell, DNA structure & replication
  • Protein synthesis, Genes, Mutation
  • Chromosomes and Cell Division

1.8 Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology

  • (a) Chronology: Relative & Absolute Dating Methods
  • (b) Cultural Evolution: Prehistoric Cultures
    • (i) Paleolithic
    • (ii) Mesolithic
    • (iii) Neolithic
    • (iv) Chalcolithic
    • (v) Copper-Bronze Age
    • (vi) Iron Age

Unit 4: Socio-Cultural Anthropology

2.1 The Nature of Culture

  • Concept and Characteristics of Culture and Civilization
  • Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural Relativism

2.2 The Nature of Society

  • Concept of Society
  • Relationship between Society and Culture
  • Social Institutions, Groups, and Stratification

2.3 Marriage

  • Definition and Universality
  • Marriage Laws: Endogamy, Exogamy, Hypergamy, Hypogamy, Incest Taboo
  • Types: Monogamy, Polygamy, Polyandry, Group Marriage
  • Functions, Regulations, Payments (Bride Wealth, Dowry)

2.4 Family

  • Definition and Universality
  • Family, Household, Domestic Groups
  • Types: Structure, Blood Relation, Residence, Succession
  • Impact of Urbanization, Industrialization, Feminism

2.5 Kinship

  • Consanguinity and Affinity
  • The Culture and Personality
  • Descent Groups: Lineage, Clan, Phratry, Moiety, Kindred
  • Kinship Terminology: Descriptive vs. Classificatory
  • Descent, Filiation, Alliance

Unit 5: Economic, Political and Religious Organizations

3. Economic Organization

  • Economic Anthropology: Meaning, Scope, Relevance
  • Formalist vs. Substantivist Debate
  • Production, Distribution, Exchange:
    • Reciprocity, Redistribution, Market Systems
  • Economic Systems: Hunting, Fishing, Swiddening, Pastoralism, Horticulture, Agriculture
  • Globalization and Indigenous Systems

4. Political Organization and Social Control

  • Types: Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, Kingdom, State
  • Power, Authority, Legitimacy
  • Social Control, Law and Justice in Simple Societies

5. Religion

  • Approaches: Evolutionary, Psychological, Functional
  • Monotheism vs. Polytheism
  • Sacred vs. Profane
  • Myths, Rituals
  • Forms in Tribal/Peasant Societies:
    • Animism, Animatism, Fetishism, Naturism, Totemism
  • Religion, Magic, and Science
  • Magico-Religious Functionaries: Priest, Shaman, Sorcerer, Witch

Unit 6: Anthropological Theories

6. Theoretical Approaches

  • (a) Classical Evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan, Frazer)
  • (b) Historical Particularism (Boas), Diffusionism (British, German, American)
  • (c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural-Functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown)
  • (d) Structuralism (Lévi-Strauss, E. Leach)
  • (e) Theories on the interrelationship between culture and personality as proposed by scholars such as Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Ralph Linton, Abram Kardiner, and Cora du Bois.
  • (f) Neo-evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins, Service)
  • (g) Cultural Materialism (Harris)
  • (h) Symbolic & Interpretive (Turner, Schneider, Geertz)
  • (i) Cognitive Theories (Tyler, Conklin)
  • (j) Postmodernism

Unit 7: Language and Communication

7. Culture, Language and Communication

  • Nature, Origin, and Characteristics of Language
  • Verbal and Non-verbal Communication
  • Social Context of Language Use

Unit 8: Research Methods

8. Research Methods in Anthropology

  • (a) Fieldwork Tradition
  • (b) Technique vs. Method vs. Methodology
  • (c) Data Collection Tools:
    • Observation, Interview, Schedule, Questionnaire
    • Case Study, Genealogy, Life-History, Oral History
    • Secondary Sources, Participatory Methods
  • (d) Data Analysis, Interpretation, and Presentation

Unit 9: Human Genetics and Variation

9.1 Methods & Applications

  • Pedigree Analysis, Twin Study, Foster Child, Cytogenetic Methods
  • Biochemical, Immunological, DNA Technologies

9.2 Mendelian Genetics in Man

  • Single/Multifactor, Lethal/Sub-lethal, Polygenic Traits

9.3 Population Genetics

  • Genetic Polymorphism, Hardy-Weinberg Law
  • Mutation, Isolation, Migration, Selection, Inbreeding, Genetic Drift
  • Consanguinity, Genetic Load

9.4 Chromosomal Aberrations

  • (a) Numerical & Structural Disorders
  • (b) Sex Chromosome: Klinefelter, Turner, Super Female, Intersex
  • (c) Autosomal: Down, Patau, Edward, Cri-du-chat
  • (d) Genetic Screening, Counseling, Mapping, DNA Profiling

9.5 Race and Racism

  • Morphological Variation
  • Racial Traits & Classification
  • Race Crossing and Environmental Influences

9.6 Genetic Markers

  • ABO, Rh, HLA, Gm, Enzymes
  • Physiological Traits (Hb, Body Fat, Pulse, etc.) in Cultural/Socio-economic Contexts

9.7 Ecological Anthropology

  • Bio-cultural Adaptations
  • Environmental Stresses: Heat, Cold, Altitude

9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology

  • Health and Disease
  • Infectious vs. Non-infectious Diseases
  • Nutritional Deficiencies

Unit 10: Human Growth and Development

10. Growth and Development

  • Stages: Pre-natal to Senescence
  • Influencing Factors: Genetic, Environmental, Socio-economic
  • Ageing and Longevity
  • Human Physique and Somatotypes
  • Growth Study Methodologies

Unit 11: Demography and Fertility

11.1 Bio-events and Fertility

  • Menarche, Menopause
  • Fertility Patterns

11.2 Demographic Theories

  • Biological, Social, and Cultural Models

11.3 Fecundity and Mortality

  • Influencing Factors: Biological, Social, Ecological

Unit 12: Applied Anthropology

12. Applications

  • Anthropology of Sports
  • Nutritional Anthropology
  • Defence and Equipment Design
  • Forensic Anthropology
  • Personal Identification and Reconstruction
  • Applied Human Genetics:
    • Paternity Diagnosis, Genetic Counseling, Eugenics
    • DNA Technology in Medicine
    • Serogenetics and Cytogenetics in Reproductive Health

1. नृविज्ञान का परिचय

  • नृविज्ञान का अर्थ, विषय क्षेत्र एवं विकास
  • नृविज्ञान का अन्य विषयों के साथ संबंध:
    • सामाजिक विज्ञान
    • व्यवहार विज्ञान
    • जीव विज्ञान
    • आयुर्विज्ञान
    • भूविज्ञान
    • मानविकी

2. नृविज्ञान की प्रमुख शाखाएं एवं प्रासंगिकता

  • सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक नृविज्ञान
  • जैविक नृविज्ञान
  • पुरातत्व नृविज्ञान
  • भाषा नृविज्ञान

3. मानव विकास और आविर्भाव

  • जैव एवं सांस्कृतिक कारक
  • जैव विकास के सिद्धांत:
    • डार्विन-पूर्व
    • डार्विन कालीन
    • डार्विनोत्तर
  • विकास का संश्लेषणात्मक सिद्धांत
  • विकासात्मक जीव विज्ञान की संकल्पनाएं:
    • डॉल का नियम, कोप का नियम, गॉस का नियम, समांतरवाद, अभिसरण, अनुकूली विकिरण, मोजेक विकास

4. नर-वानर और होमिनिड्स

  • नर-वानर की विशेषताएं, वर्गिकी और व्यवहार
  • प्राचीन होमिनिड्स:
    • आस्ट्रेलोपिथेसीन
    • होमो इरेक्टस (अफ्रीका, यूरोप, एशिया)
    • निएन्डरथल मानव
    • रोडेसियन मानव
    • क्रोमैग्नन मानव

5. जीववैज्ञानिक आधार

  • कोशिका, DNA, जीन, उत्परिवर्तन
  • वंशानुक्रम और विभाजन
  • आनुवंशिक सिद्धांत और पद्धतियाँ

6. प्रागैतिहासिक पुरातत्व

  • काल निर्धारण विधियां: सापेक्ष व परम
  • सांस्कृतिक विकास की अवस्थाएं:
    • पुरापाषाण, मध्यपाषाण, नवपाषाण, ताम्रपाषाण, ताम्र-कांस्य युग, लोक युग

7. संस्कृति और समाज

  • संस्कृति की संकल्पना और सापेक्षवाद
  • समाज, सामाजिक संस्थाएं और स्तरीकरण

8. विवाह, परिवार और नातेदारी

  • विवाह के प्रकार, नियम और भुगतान
  • परिवार के प्रकार और परिप्रेक्ष्य
  • वंशानुक्रम, गोत्र, फ्रेटरी, मोइटी
  • नातेदारी शब्दावली

9. आर्थिक संगठन

  • उत्पादन, वितरण, विनिमय के प्रकार
  • शिकार, कृषि, पशुपालन, उद्यान कृषि
  • भूमंडलीकरण का प्रभाव

10. राजनीतिक संगठन एवं सामाजिक नियंत्रण

  • टोली, जनजाति, सरदारी, राज्य
  • विधि एवं न्याय की संकल्पनाएं

11. धर्म और विश्वास प्रणाली

  • नृविज्ञान में धर्म के अध्ययन की विधियां
  • धर्म, जादू, विज्ञान के बीच संबंध
  • जादुई-धार्मिक कार्यकर्ता (पुजारी, शमन, ओझा आदि)

12. नृविज्ञानिक सिद्धांत

  • क्लासिक विकासवाद
  • ऐतिहासिक विशिष्टतावाद
  • विसरणवाद
  • प्रकार्यवाद और संरचनात्मक प्रकार्यवाद
  • संरचनावाद
  • संस्कृति एवं व्यक्तित्व
  • नव-विकासवाद
  • सांस्कृतिक भौतिकवाद
  • प्रतीकात्मक सिद्धांत
  • उत्तर आधुनिक दृष्टिकोण

13. भाषा, संस्कृति और संचार

  • वाचिक एवं अवाचिक संप्रेषण
  • भाषा प्रयोग के सामाजिक संदर्भ

14. अनुसंधान पद्धतियाँ

  • क्षेत्रकार्य परंपरा
  • प्रेक्षण, साक्षात्कार, प्रश्नावली आदि
  • दत्त विश्लेषण और प्रस्तुतीकरण

15. मानव आनुवंशिकी

  • वंशावली विश्लेषण
  • गुणसूत्री और जैव-रासायनिक पद्धतियां
  • डीएनए प्रौद्योगिकी
  • आनुवंशिक बहुरूपता, वरण, उत्परिवर्तन

16. प्रजाति एवं आनुवंशिक विविधता

  • प्रजातीय निकष
  • आयु, लिंग, रक्‍त समूह, HLA, एंजाइम आदि

17. पारिस्थितिक और स्वास्थ्य नृविज्ञान

  • जैव-सांस्कृतिक अनुकूलन
  • रोग और पोषण
  • वृद्धि और विकास की अवस्थाएं
  • जरत्व और दीर्घायु

18. जनांकिकीय अध्ययन

  • जन्मदर, मृत्युदर, प्रजनन क्षमता
  • जैविक, सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक कारक

19. अनुप्रयुक्त नृविज्ञान

    • खेल, पोषण, न्यायिक, रक्षा, उपकरण डिज़ाइन
    • पितृत्व निर्धारण, आनुवंशिक परामर्श, डीएनए प्रोफाइलिंग

1. Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilization

1.1 Prehistoric and Protohistoric Phases

  • Prehistoric Cultures:
    • Palaeolithic
    • Mesolithic
    • Neolithic
    • Neolithic-Chalcolithic
  • Protohistoric Cultures:
    • Indus Valley Civilization
    • Pre-Harappan, Harappan, and Post-Harappan cultures
  • Tribal Contributions:

1.2 Palaeo-Anthropological Evidence

  • Key fossil evidences from:
    • Siwalik Hills
    • Narmada Basin
  • Important hominid finds:
    • Ramapithecus
    • Sivapithecus
    • Narmada Man

1.3 Ethno-Archaeology in India

  • Concept and methods of ethno-archaeology
  • Survivals and parallels in:
    • Hunting, foraging, and fishing communities
    • Pastoral and peasant communities
    • Arts and crafts-producing communities

2. Demographic Profile of India

  • Ethnic Composition
    • Major ethnic elements and their distribution
  • Linguistic Groups
    • Major language families and geographical spread
  • Population Dynamics
    • Factors influencing structure and growth

3. Traditional Indian Social System

3.1 Social Structure and Belief Systems

  • Concepts: Varnashram, Purushartha, Karma, Rina, Rebirth

3.2 Caste System in India

  • Structure and characteristics
  • Varna vs. Caste
  • Theories of caste origin
  • Concepts: Dominant caste, caste mobility
  • Future of caste system
  • Jajmani system
  • Tribe-caste continuum

3.3 Religious and Cosmological Concepts

  • Sacred Complex
  • Nature-Man-Spirit Complex

3.4 Religious Influences

  • Impact of:
    • Buddhism
    • Jainism
    • Islam
    • Christianity on Indian society

4. Growth of Anthropology in India

  • Contributions from:
    • 18th, 19th, and early 20th-century scholar-administrators
    • Indian anthropologists on tribal and caste studies

5. Indian Villages and Socio-Cultural Change

5.1 Village Studies

  • Significance of studying villages
  • Villages as social systems
  • Traditional vs. changing:
    • Settlement patterns
    • Inter-caste relations
  • Agrarian relations
  • Globalization’s impact

5.2 Minorities

  • Linguistic and religious minorities
  • Socio-economic and political status

5.3 Socio-Cultural Change

  • Indigenous and exogenous change processes:
    • Sanskritization
    • Westernization
    • Modernization
  • Interplay of Little and Great Traditions
  • Role of:
    • Panchayati Raj
    • Media

6. Tribal Situation in India

6.1 Tribal Characteristics

  • Bio-genetic variability
  • Linguistic and socio-economic features
  • Geographical distribution

6.2 Major Problems

  • Land alienation
  • Poverty and indebtedness
  • Low literacy and poor education
  • Unemployment and under-employment
  • Health and nutrition issues

6.3 Development and Displacement

  • Impact of developmental projects:
    • Tribal displacement
    • Rehabilitation problems
  • Forest policy and its effects
  • Urbanization and industrialization impacts

7. Exploitation, Deprivation and Social Change

7.1 Marginalized Groups

  • Issues faced by:
    • Scheduled Castes (SC)
    • Scheduled Tribes (ST)
    • Other Backward Classes (OBC)
  • Constitutional safeguards for SC/ST

7.2 Modern Institutions and Social Change

  • Role of:
    • Democratic institutions
    • Development and welfare programs

7.3 Ethnicity and Political Dynamics

  • Concepts:
    • Ethnicity
    • Ethnic conflicts
    • Pseudo-tribalism
  • Issues:
    • Unrest and regionalism
    • Autonomy demands
  • Tribal change during colonial and post-independence periods

8. Religion and Tribes

8.1 Religious Impact

  • Influence of:
    • Hinduism
    • Buddhism
    • Christianity
    • Islam
    • Other religions on tribal societies

8.2 Tribe and Nation State

  • Comparative study of tribal communities:
    • In India
    • In other countries

9. Tribal Development and Anthropology

9.1 Tribal Administration and Policies

  • History of tribal area administration
  • Development policies and plans
  • Implementation of tribal programmes
  • Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs):
    • Distribution
    • Special programmes
  • Role of NGOs

9.2 Role of Anthropology

  • Contributions to:
    • Tribal development
    • Rural development

9.3 Anthropology and Societal Movements

  • Understanding:
    • Regionalism
    • Communalism
    • Ethnic and political movements

1. भारतीय संस्कृति एवं सभ्यता का विकास

1.1. प्रागैतिहासिक काल

  • पुरापाषाण
  • मध्यपाषाण
  • नवपाषाण
  • नवपाषाण-ताम्रपाषाण

1.2. आद्यऐतिहासिक काल (सिंधु सभ्यता)

  • हड़प्पा-पूर्व संस्कृति
  • हड़प्पाकालीन संस्कृति
  • पश्च-हड़प्पा संस्कृतियां
  • भारतीय सभ्यता में जनजातीय संस्कृतियों का योगदान

2. भारतीय पुरा-नृवैज्ञानिक साक्ष्य

  • रामापिथैकस
  • शिवापिथेकस
  • नर्मदा मानव
  • शिवालिक एवं नर्मदा द्रोणी के विशेष संदर्भ

3. भारत में नृजाति – पुरातत्व विज्ञान

  • संकल्पना
  • शिकारी, रसदखोजी, मछियारे
  • पशुचारक एवं कृषक समुदाय
  • कला और शिल्प उत्पादक समुदाय
  • उत्तरजीवक एवं समांतरक

4. भारत की जनांकिकीय परिच्छेदिकी

  • भारतीय जनसंख्या एवं वितरण में नृजातीय और आषायी तत्व
  • जनसंख्या की संरचना और वृद्धि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक

5. पारंपरिक भारतीय सामाजिक प्रणाली

  • वर्णाश्रम
  • पुरुषार्थ
  • कर्म ऋण
  • पुनर्जन्म

6. भारत में जाति व्यवस्था

  • संरचना एवं विशेषताएं
  • वर्ण और जाति
  • जाति व्यवस्था के उद्गम के सिद्धांत
  • प्रबल जाति
  • जातिगत गतिशीलता
  • जाति व्यवस्था का भविष्य
  • जजमानी प्रणाली
  • जनजाति-जाति सातत्यक

7. धार्मिक विश्वास एवं मनोग्रंथियां

  • पवित्र-मनोग्रंथि
  • प्राकृत-मनुष्य-प्रेतात्मा मनोग्रंथि

8. भारत पर विभिन्न धर्मों का प्रभाव

  • बौद्ध धर्म
  • जैन धर्म
  • इस्लाम
  • ईसाई धर्म

9. भारत में नृविज्ञान का विकास

  • 8वीं, 9वीं एवं प्रारंभिक 20वीं शताब्दी में शास्त्रज्ञों व प्रशासकों का योगदान

10. भारतीय ग्राम

  • ग्राम अध्ययन का महत्व
  • भारतीय ग्राम बस्ती की सामाजिक प्रणाली
  • अंतर्जातीय संबंधों के पारंपरिक और बदलते प्रतिरूप
  • कृषिक संबंध
  • भूमंडलीकरण का प्रभाव

11. आषायी एवं धार्मिक अल्पसंख्यक

  • सामाजिक, राजनैतिक तथा आर्थिक स्थिति

12. सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक परिवर्तन की प्रक्रियाएं

  • देशीय प्रक्रियाएं: संस्कृतिकरण, पश्चिमीकरण, आधुनिकीकरण
  • बहिर्जात प्रक्रियाएं
  • छोटी एवं बड़ी परंपराओं का परस्पर प्रभाव
  • पंचायती राज
  • मीडिया और सामाजिक परिवर्तन

13. भारत में जनजातीय स्थिति

  • जैव जननिक परिवर्तिता
  • जनसंख्या एवं वितरण की भाषायी व सामाजिक-आर्थिक विशेषताएं

14. जनजातीय समुदायों की समस्याएं

  • भूमि संक्रामण
  • गरीबी, ऋणग्रस्तता
  • अल्प साक्षरता, शिक्षा की कमी
  • बेरोजगारी, स्वास्थ्य, पोषण

15. विकास परियोजनाएं और जनजातीय प्रभाव

  • स्थानांतरण एवं पुनर्वास की समस्याएं
  • वन नीतियों का प्रभाव
  • नगरीकरण और औद्योगीकरण का प्रभाव

16. वंचन की समस्याएं

  • अनुसूचित जातियां
  • अनुसूचित जनजातियां
  • अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग
  • संवैधानिक रक्षोपाय

17. सामाजिक परिवर्तन और समकालीन जनजातीय समाज

  • लोकतांत्रिक संस्थाओं, विकास कार्यक्रमों, कल्याण उपायों का प्रभाव

18. नृजातीयता

  • संकल्पना
  • नृजातीय द्वंद्व और राजनैतिक विकास
  • अशांति, क्षेत्रीयतावाद, स्वायत्तता की मांग
  • छद्म जनजातिवाद
  • औपनिवेशिक एवं स्वातंत्र्योत्तर काल में परिवर्तन

19. जनजातीय समाजों पर धर्मों का प्रभाव

  • हिन्दू धर्म
  • बौद्ध धर्म
  • ईसाई धर्म
  • इस्लाम
  • अन्य धर्म

20. जनजाति एवं राष्ट्र राज्य

  • भारत और अन्य देशों में तुलनात्मक अध्ययन

21. जनजातीय प्रशासन, नीतियां एवं योजनाएं

  • जनजातीय विकास के कार्यक्रम एवं कार्यान्वयन
  • प्राथमिक जनजातीय वर्गों (PTGs) की अवधारणा, उनका भौगोलिक प्रसार तथा उनके लिए संचालित विशिष्ट विकास योजनाएं।
  • गैर-सरकारी संगठनों की भूमिका

22. नृविज्ञान की भूमिका

  • जनजातीय एवं ग्रामीण विकास
  • क्षेत्रीयतावाद, सांप्रदायिकता, नृजातीय व राजनैतिक आंदोलनों को समझने में योगदान
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