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January 20, 2026

Daily Legal Current / 20 Jan 2026/What is Palermo Protocol (UN, 2000)?भारत में बाल तस्करी: चुनौतियाँ और समाधान

Global and National Definitions

  • Palermo Protocol (UN, 2000): Defines child trafficking as the “recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation.”
  • Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023 – Section 143: Provides a stringent domestic definition. It includes the act of recruiting or transporting persons using threats, force, fraud, or abuse of power for exploitation.
  • Scope of “Exploitation”: This term covers:
  • Physical and sexual exploitation.
  • Slavery and servitude.
  • Forced removal of organs.
  • Beggary (newly highlighted under BNS).

Constitutional Safeguards:

  • Article 23: Explicitly prohibits human trafficking and begar (forced labor).
  • Article 24: Prohibits the employment of children below 14 years in factories, mines, or hazardous industries.
  • Article 39 (e) & (f): Directs the State to ensure children are not abused and are protected against moral and material abandonment.

Alarming Statistics:

  • Rescue Operations: Between April 2024 and March 2025, over 53,000 children were rescued from labor, trafficking, and kidnapping.
  • Gender Vulnerability: Recent reports (2022 data) indicate that nearly 75% of missing children are girls, often targeted for domestic servitude and sexual exploitation.
  • The Conviction Gap: Despite high rescue numbers, the conviction rate remained a dismal 4.8% between 2018 and 2022.

Major Challenges:

  • Socio-Economic Triggers: Poverty, unemployment, migration, and the breakdown of family systems create a “supply chain” for traffickers.
  • The Digital Frontier: Social media and online platforms are increasingly used to recruit victims under the guise of “modelling jobs” or educational opportunities.
  • Invisible Labor: The rise of quick-commerce (dark stores) and unregulated sorting hubs has created hidden pockets for child labor.
  • Organized Complexity: Trafficking operates through “disjointed verticals” (different people handle recruitment, transport, and exploitation), making it difficult for victims to provide a cohesive narrative in court.

 

Steps Taken: Legal & Judicial Framework:

  1. Key Legislations
  • POCSO Act, 2012: Gender-neutral law with strict punishments (including death penalty). Over 400 Fast Track Courts are currently operational.
  • Juvenile Justice (JJ) Act, 2015: Focuses on the care, protection, and rehabilitation of rescued children.
  • BNS 2023: Consolidates crimes against women and children into a priority chapter (Chapter V). Section 143 prescribes life imprisonment for trafficking children or multiple persons.

Pivotal Judicial Guidelines (K.P. Kiran Kumar vs. State, 2025):

The Supreme Court established a victim-centric standard for evidence:

  • “Injured Witness” Status: Trafficked children are to be treated as injured witnesses, not “accomplices.”
  • Sensitivity & Realism: Courts must not reject a victim’s testimony due to minor inconsistencies, recognizing the trauma and secondary victimization they face.
  • Fixed Timelines: High Courts have been directed to ensure trafficking trials are completed within six months.

Operational Measures:

  • Anti-Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs): Established in almost every district to specialize in these cases.
  • Operation AAHT (Railways): A successful RPF initiative that has rescued thousands of children at transit points.
  • Digital Portals: Integration of TrackChild and Mission Vatsalya to monitor missing and rescued children in real-time.

Way Forward & Conclusion:

  • Improve Conviction Rates: Move from a “rescue-only” approach to a “conviction-first” approach by training prosecutors on the nuances of organized crime.
  • Center-State Synergy: Since “Police” is a State subject, the Union must provide financial and intelligence support while States ensure ground-level implementation.
  • Tech-Driven Prevention: Utilize AI and data analytics to map trafficking “hotspots” and monitor suspicious online recruitment trends.
  • Economic Rehabilitation: Government must guarantee the socio-economic rights of marginalized families to prevent children from being pushed back into the trafficking cycle.

 Conclusion:

Child trafficking is not just a law-and-order issue but a gross violation of the Fundamental Right to Life. While India has built a formidable legal fortress with the BNS and POCSO, the “human factor”—judicial sensitivity and systemic deterrence—will determine if the 53,000 rescued children find permanent freedom or remain statistics in a low-conviction system.

 

भारत में बाल तस्करी: चुनौतियाँ और समाधान

  1. बाल तस्करी क्या है?
  • अंतर्राष्ट्रीय परिभाषा (पलेर्मो प्रोटोकॉल): शोषण के उद्देश्य से बच्चों की भर्ती, परिवहन, आश्रय या प्राप्ति करना।
  • भारतीय न्याय संहिता (BNS) 2023 – धारा 143: यह शोषण के उद्देश्य से किसी व्यक्ति या बच्चे की तस्करी को अपराध मानती है। इसमें धमकी, बल प्रयोग, धोखाधड़ी या शक्ति के दुरुपयोग के जरिए किया गया कार्य शामिल है।
  • शोषण का दायरा: इसमें शारीरिक और यौन शोषण, गुलामी, भिक्षावृत्ति (Begging) और अंगों को निकालना (Organ removal) शामिल है।
  1. संवैधानिक अधिकार
  • अनुच्छेद 23: मानव तस्करी और जबरन श्रम (Begar) पर रोक।
  • अनुच्छेद 24: 14 वर्ष से कम उम्र के बच्चों को खतरनाक उद्योगों में काम करने पर रोक।
  • अनुच्छेद 39 (e) और (f): राज्य का कर्तव्य है कि वह बच्चों को शोषण से बचाए और उन्हें गरिमापूर्ण जीवन प्रदान करे।
  1. प्रमुख कानूनी ढांचा
  • POCSO अधिनियम, 2012: बच्चों को यौन अपराधों से बचाने के लिए कठोर दंड (आजीवन कारावास और मृत्युदंड तक)। यह लिंग-तटस्थ (Gender-neutral) कानून है।
  • किशोर न्याय (JJ) अधिनियम, 2015: तस्करी से बचाए गए बच्चों की देखरेख और पुनर्वास।
  • फास्ट ट्रैक कोर्ट: भारत में लगभग 400 विशेष फास्ट ट्रैक अदालतें POCSO मामलों की त्वरित सुनवाई के लिए कार्यरत हैं।
  1. प्रमुख चुनौतियाँ
  • दोषसिद्धि की कम दर (Low Conviction Rate): 2018-2022 के बीच यह मात्र 4.8% रही, जो अपराधियों में कानून का डर कम करती है।
  • सामाजिकआर्थिक कारण: गरीबी, बेरोजगारी और पलायन बच्चों को तस्करों के प्रति संवेदनशील बनाते हैं।
  • डिजिटल खतरा: सोशल मीडिया और ऑनलाइन प्लेटफॉर्म का उपयोग अब “मॉडलिंग” या “नौकरी” के बहाने बच्चों को फंसाने के लिए किया जा रहा है।
  • बड़ी संख्या में मामले: अप्रैल 2024 से मार्च 2025 के बीच 53,000 से अधिक बच्चों को रेस्क्यू किया गया।
  1. न्यायिक दृष्टिकोण (K.P. किरण कुमार बनाम राज्य, 2025)
  • सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ने माना कि तस्करी जीवन के अधिकार (Art 21) का गंभीर उल्लंघन है।
  • कोर्ट ने कहा कि पीड़ित बच्चों के बयान को घायल गवाह” (Injured Witness) की तरह संवेदनशील तरीके से देखा जाना चाहिए।

 


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