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Daily Current Affairs – 2020
Topic: For Prelims and MainsWhy in News? It was introduced by the transport ministry in January 2016 to revive investments in road infrastructure projects.
Under BOT, the private player arranged all the finances for the project, while collecting toll revenue or annuity fee from the Government, as agreed. The annuity fee arrangement is known as BOT-Annuity; essentially, the toll revenue risk is taken by the government, while the private player is paid a pre-fixed annuity for construction and maintenance of roads.
Now, HAM combines EPC (40 per cent) and BOT-Annuity (60 per cent). On behalf of the government, NHAI releases 40 per cent of the total project cost.
It is given in five tranches linked to milestones. The balance 60 per cent is arranged by the developer. Here, the developer usually invests not more than 20-25 per cent of the project cost (as against 40 percent or more before), while the remaining is raised as debt.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon content ranges up to 2%. Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1. Some quantities of manganese are also required to harden the steel.
Growth of steel industry would lead to:
Iron Ores
§ Hematite and magnetite are the most important iron ores in India. Hematite § Hematite refers to a ferric oxide containing no crystal water, and its chemical formula is Fe2O3 (iron oxide). § The pure hematite theoretical iron content is 70%. § Its appearance is from red to light gray, sometimes black, and the stripes are dark red. Commonly known as “red mine.” § Hematite is abundant in nature, but pure hematite is less, often co-existing with magnetite and limonite. Magnetite · The main iron-bearing mineral of magnetite is tri iron tetroxide, and its chemical formula is Fe3O4. · The theoretical iron content is around 72%. · The appearance color is usually carbon black or slightly light blue black, metallic luster, streaks (color appearing on the board when the surface is uneven on the white porcelain plate) black. Commonly known as the green mine. · The most prominent feature of this ore is its magnetic nature. · Magnetite is generally very hard, dense in structure and poor in reducing performance.
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Why in News?
All the historically and culturally significant mountains of the Eastern Ghats should be declared UNESCO cultural heritage sites.
The five States that the Ghats encompass – Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka and Odisha should prepare an action plan to protect and conserve their ecology and natural resources, the Greens’ Alliance for Conservation of Eastern Ghats (GRACE) and the Council for Green Revolution (CGR) have said.
About Eastern Ghats:
The Union HRD Ministry has launched the Vidya Daan 2.0 program for inviting e-learning content contributions.
The 11th session of ‘Petersberg Climate Dialogue’ was held for the first time through video conferencing.
Petersberg Climate Dialogue has been organized by the Government of Germany since 2010.
To provide a forum for informal high-level political discussions, focusing both on international climate negotiations and the advancement of climate action.