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	<title>Science &amp; Technology &#8211; Vaid ICS Institute</title>
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		<title>EU-age verification app : the Digital Services Act (DSA</title>
		<link>https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/current-affair/eu-age-verification-app-the-digital-services-act-dsa/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 22 Jul 2026 06:55:53 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/?post_type=current-affair&#038;p=12894</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Why in News? The European Commission presented new guidelines and a prototype of an age verification app developed under the Digital Services Act (DSA). This initiative aims to prevent minors from accessing harmful and explicit online content while safeguarding adult users&#8217; privacy. Countries like Denmark, Greece, Spain, France, and Italy are partnering with the Commission [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 data-path-to-node="0">Why in News?</h2>
<p data-path-to-node="1">The European Commission presented new guidelines and a prototype of an <b data-path-to-node="1" data-index-in-node="71">age verification app</b> developed under the <b data-path-to-node="1" data-index-in-node="112">Digital Services Act (DSA)</b>. This initiative aims to prevent minors from accessing harmful and explicit online content while safeguarding adult users&#8217; privacy. Countries like Denmark, Greece, Spain, France, and Italy are partnering with the Commission to launch pilot versions of national age verification apps.</p>
<h2 data-path-to-node="3">Key Points About the Act (Digital Services Act &#8211; DSA):</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="4">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="4,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">What it is:</b> A landmark EU regulation designed to create a safer digital space, protect fundamental rights of users (especially minors), and establish a transparent accountability framework for large online platforms and search engines.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="4,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="4,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Core Mandates:</b> * Compels major platforms (Very Large Online Platforms / VLOPs) to assess and mitigate systemic risks regarding minors (e.g., cyberbullying, addiction design, exposure to harmful content).</p>
<ul data-path-to-node="4,1,1">
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<p data-path-to-node="4,1,1,0,0">Enforces default safety and privacy settings for minors.</p>
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<p data-path-to-node="4,1,1,1,0">Facilitates the development of technical frameworks—such as the age-verification blueprint compatible with European Digital Identity Wallets (eID)—utilizing <b data-path-to-node="4,1,1,1,0" data-index-in-node="157">zero-knowledge proof</b> technology to verify age without revealing exact identities.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="6">Other Related Acts / Global Frameworks:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="7">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="7,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="7,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">European Digital Identity Wallets (eID):</b> A secure digital identity framework across the EU, slated to roll out fully, allowing citizens to securely store and share digital credentials (including age verification) safely.</p>
</li>
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<p data-path-to-node="7,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="7,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Global Precedents:</b> Countries like France (where President Emmanuel Macron supports banning social media for under-15s) and various international jurisdictions are increasingly legislating mandatory age assurance protocols for adult platforms and high-risk social media networks.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="9">Major Issues &amp; Controversies:</h2>
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<p data-path-to-node="10,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="10,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Privacy vs. Protection Dilemma:</b> Critics and privacy advocates argue that mandatory age checks risk compromising adult user privacy, making browsing activities easier to track and monetize.</p>
</li>
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<p data-path-to-node="10,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="10,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Security Risks of Data Collection:</b> Adult entertainment companies (such as Aylo, owner of Pornhub) argue that forcing users to input sensitive personal information repeatedly creates severe data breach and security vulnerabilities.</p>
</li>
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<p data-path-to-node="10,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="10,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">The &#8220;Device-Level vs. Website-Level&#8221; Stane-Off:</b> Major tech platforms and adult sites argue over implementation points. Companies like Aylo advocate for &#8220;device-based age verification&#8221; managed at the operating system level (by Apple, Google, Microsoft) before a user even downloads a browser or visits an adult site, rather than forcing individual websites to collect identification data.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="10,3,0"><b data-path-to-node="10,3,0" data-index-in-node="0">Risk of Driving Traffic to Unregulated Sites:</b> Industry players warn that strict verification rules could push users away from mainstream regulated platforms toward smaller, shadier, and less-regulated websites hosting illicit content.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="12">India&#8217;s Efforts &amp; Context:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="13">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="13,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="13,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021:</b> India mandates that intermediaries (especially social media and messaging platforms) exercise due diligence, ensure user safety, and remove explicit or illegal content upon grievance or legal direction.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="13,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="13,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2003 / 2023 Framework:</b> Requires verifiable parental consent when processing data of children (under 18 years), prompting ongoing domestic policy discussions on safe, privacy-preserving age-gating mechanisms for online spaces.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="13,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="13,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">Child Safety Focus:</b> Indian regulatory bodies and child rights agencies continuously push platforms to implement default safety tools, restrict cyberbullying, and protect minors from addictive designs and age-inappropriate content.</p>
</li>
</ul>
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		<title>India&#8217;s First Dengue Vaccine Approval:</title>
		<link>https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/current-affair/indias-first-dengue-vaccine-approval/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[vdAdmin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 07:01:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/?post_type=current-affair&#038;p=12875</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[India&#8217;s First Dengue Vaccine Approval: Regulatory Milestone: The Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) approved Qdenga (TAK-003), developed by Japanese pharmaceutical company Takeda, making it the country&#8217;s first authorized dengue vaccine. Target Audience: Approved for individuals aged 4 to 60 years, addressing a critical gap in managing the nation&#8217;s fast-growing mosquito-borne disease burden. Mechanism &#38; [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 data-path-to-node="0">India&#8217;s First Dengue Vaccine Approval:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="1">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Regulatory Milestone:</b> The Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) approved <b data-path-to-node="1,0,0" data-index-in-node="75">Qdenga (TAK-003)</b>, developed by Japanese pharmaceutical company Takeda, making it the country&#8217;s first authorized dengue vaccine.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Target Audience:</b> Approved for individuals aged <b data-path-to-node="1,1,0" data-index-in-node="47">4 to 60 years</b>, addressing a critical gap in managing the nation&#8217;s fast-growing mosquito-borne disease burden.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">Mechanism &amp; Strain Coverage:</b> Qdenga is a <b data-path-to-node="1,2,0" data-index-in-node="41">live-attenuated tetravalent vaccine</b> built on a DENV-2 backbone. It is engineered to stimulate immunity against <b data-path-to-node="1,2,0" data-index-in-node="152">all four dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4)</b>, which commonly co-circulate across different regions in India.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img data-dominant-color="cccacf" data-has-transparency="false" style="--dominant-color: #cccacf;" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-12876 not-transparent" src="https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/qdenga.webp" alt="" width="718" height="571" srcset="https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/qdenga.webp 718w, https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/qdenga-300x239.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 718px) 100vw, 718px" /></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<h2 data-path-to-node="3">Clinical Trial Efficacy and Safety Profile:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="4">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="4,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Efficacy Rates:</b> Global Phase III clinical trials (including the extensive TIDES study) demonstrated <b data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="100">80.2% efficacy</b> against virologically confirmed dengue one year after completing the regimen, and <b data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="197">90.4% efficacy</b> in preventing dengue-related hospitalizations after 18 months. Long-term studies show protection lasting up to seven years.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="4,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="4,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">No Pre-Screening Required:</b> Unlike older vaccines (such as Dengvaxia), Qdenga can be administered <b data-path-to-node="4,1,0" data-index-in-node="97">regardless of prior dengue exposure</b> and <b data-path-to-node="4,1,0" data-index-in-node="137">does not require pre-vaccination screening</b> or blood testing. This drastically simplifies rollout for mass public health immunization programs.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="6">Administration, Manufacturing, and Rollout:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="7">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="7,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="7,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Dosage Schedule:</b> Administered subcutaneously as a <b data-path-to-node="7,0,0" data-index-in-node="50">two-dose regimen of 0.5 ml each</b>, with doses given <b data-path-to-node="7,0,0" data-index-in-node="100">three months apart</b>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="7,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="7,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Local Production Partnership:</b> To ensure long-term affordability and supply stability, Takeda partnered with Hyderabad-based <b data-path-to-node="7,1,0" data-index-in-node="124">Biological E</b> to manufacture up to <b data-path-to-node="7,1,0" data-index-in-node="158">50 million doses annually</b> in India.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="7,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="7,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">Availability:</b> While the vaccine has received official marketing authorization, full public availability and pricing details will be confirmed as local regulatory and distribution processes finalize.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="0">भारत के पहले डेंगू टीके की स्वीकृति :</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="1">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">नियामक मील का पत्थर:</b> भारत के औषधि महानियंत्रक (DCGI) ने जापानी फार्मास्युटिकल कंपनी ताकेडा (Takeda) द्वारा विकसित <b data-path-to-node="1,0,0" data-index-in-node="114">कडेंगा (Qdenga / TAK-003)</b> को मंजूरी दे दी है, जो देश का पहला अधिकृत डेंगू टीका बन गया है।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">लक्ष्य:</b> यह टीका देश के तेज़ी से बढ़ते मच्छर जनित बीमारी के बोझ को नियंत्रित करने में मदद करता है।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">कार्यप्रणाली और स्ट्रेन कवरेज:</b> कडेंगा एक लाइव-अटेनुएटेस टेट्रावेलेंट वैक्सीन (live-attenuated tetravalent vaccine) है। इसे डेंगू वायरस के <b data-path-to-node="1,2,0" data-index-in-node="138">सभी चार स्ट्रेन (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 और DENV-4)</b> के खिलाफ प्रतिरक्षा (immunity) को बढ़ावा देने के लिए डिज़ाइन किया गया है, जो भारत के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में फैलते हैं।</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="3">नैदानिक ​​परीक्षण (Clinical Trial) प्रभावकारिता और सुरक्षा:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="4">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="4,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">प्रभावकारिता दर:</b> वैश्विक चरण III नैदानिक ​​परीक्षणों में टीकाकरण पूरा होने के एक साल बाद डेंगू के खिलाफ <b data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="104">80.2% प्रभावकारिता</b>, और 18 महीने के बाद डेंगू से जुड़ी अस्पताल में भर्ती होने की स्थिति को रोकने में <b data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="204">90.4% प्रभावकारिता</b> दिखाई गई। दीर्घकालिक अध्ययनों से पता चलता है कि सुरक्षा सात साल तक रहती है।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="4,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="4,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">पूर्व-जांच की आवश्यकता नहीं:</b> पुराने टीकों (जैसे डेंगवैक्सिया) के विपरीत, कडेंगा को <b data-path-to-node="4,1,0" data-index-in-node="83">पिछले डेंगू संक्रमण के इतिहास की परवाह किए बिना</b> दिया जा सकता है और इसके लिए <b data-path-to-node="4,1,0" data-index-in-node="159">पूर्व-टीकाकरण जांच या रक्त परीक्षण की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है</b>, जिससे टीकाकरण अभियान आसान हो जाता है।</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="6">प्रशासन, विनिर्माण और रोलआउट:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="7">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="7,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="7,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">डोज शेड्यूल:</b> इसे त्वचा के नीचे (subcutaneously) <b data-path-to-node="7,0,0" data-index-in-node="48">0.5 मिलीलीटर की दो खुराक</b> के रूप में दिया जाता है, जिन्हें <b data-path-to-node="7,0,0" data-index-in-node="106">तीन महीने के अंतराल</b> पर लगाया जाता है।</p>
</li>
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<p data-path-to-node="7,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="7,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">स्थानीय उत्पादन साझेदारी:</b> दीर्घकालिक सामर्थ्य (affordability) और आपूर्ति सुनिश्चित करने के लिए, ताकेडा ने हैदराबाद स्थित <b data-path-to-node="7,1,0" data-index-in-node="121">बायोलॉजिकल ई (Biological E)</b> के साथ भारत में <b data-path-to-node="7,1,0" data-index-in-node="165">प्रतिवर्ष 50 मिलियन (5 करोड़) खुराक</b> तक का निर्माण करने के लिए साझेदारी की है।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="7,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="7,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">उपलब्धता:</b> हालांकि टीके को आधिकारिक विपणन प्राधिकरण (marketing authorization) मिल गया है, स्थानीय विनियामक और वितरण प्रक्रियाएं पूरी होने पर पूर्ण सार्वजनिक उपलब्धता और मूल्य निर्धारण विवरण की पुष्टि की जाएगी।</p>
</li>
</ul>
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		<title>Hydrogen Driving Power Cars (DPCs)</title>
		<link>https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/current-affair/hydrogen-driving-power-cars-dpcs/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[vdAdmin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2026 12:41:30 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/?post_type=current-affair&#038;p=12862</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Why in News? Hydrogen-powered mobility has taken center stage with the successful launch and deployment of clean-energy transportation initiatives, most notably India&#8217;s first indigenous hydrogen-powered trainset featuring specialized Hydrogen Driving Power Cars (DPCs). Operating on routes like the Jind–Sonipat section, this milestone places India among a select group of global pioneers (alongside Germany, Japan, and [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3 data-path-to-node="3"><b data-path-to-node="3" data-index-in-node="0">Why in News?</b></h3>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-60" data-path-to-node="4"><span class="citation-91">Hydrogen-powered mobility has taken center stage with the successful launch and deployment of clean-energy transportation initiatives, most notably </span><b data-path-to-node="4" data-index-in-node="148"><span class="citation-91">India&#8217;s first indigenous hydrogen-powered trainset</span></b><span class="citation-91"> featuring specialized </span><b data-path-to-node="4" data-index-in-node="221"><span class="citation-91">Hydrogen Driving Power Cars (DPCs)</span></b><span class="citation-91 citation-end-91">.</span></p>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-61" data-path-to-node="5"><span class="citation-90">Operating on routes like the </span><b data-path-to-node="5" data-index-in-node="29"><span class="citation-90">Jind–Sonipat section</span></b><span class="citation-90">, this milestone places India among a select group of global pioneers (alongside Germany, Japan, and China) leveraging hydrogen fuel cell technology to decarbonize heavy transport, reduce fossil fuel reliance, and achieve national </span><b data-path-to-node="5" data-index-in-node="280"><span class="citation-90">Net Zero</span></b><span class="citation-90 citation-end-90"> targets.</span></p>
<h3 data-path-to-node="7"><b data-path-to-node="7" data-index-in-node="0">What is a Hydrogen Driving Power Car (DPC)?</b></h3>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-62" data-path-to-node="8"><span class="citation-89">A </span><b data-path-to-node="8" data-index-in-node="2"><span class="citation-89">Hydrogen Driving Power Car (DPC)</span></b><span class="citation-89 citation-end-89"> is a specialized locomotive power car placed at the ends of a trainset that houses the onboard hydrogen power generation and propulsion infrastructure.</span> <span class="citation-88 citation-end-88">Instead of carrying a conventional diesel engine or relying entirely on overhead electric cables, a DPC functions as an autonomous, self-generating clean power plant.</span></p>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-63" data-path-to-node="9"><span class="citation-87 citation-end-87">Each DPC typically integrates three major technological units:</span></p>
<ol start="1" data-path-to-node="10">
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-64" data-path-to-node="10,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="10,0,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-86">Hydrogen Fuel Cell Stack:</span></b><span class="citation-86 citation-end-86"> Converts stored hydrogen into electricity via an electrochemical reaction.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-65" data-path-to-node="10,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="10,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Batteries:</b><span class="citation-85 citation-end-85"> Stores backup power, assists during peak acceleration, and captures energy via regenerative braking.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-66" data-path-to-node="10,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="10,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">High-Pressure Hydrogen Storage Cylinders:</b><span class="citation-84 citation-end-84"> Securely stores compressed hydrogen fuel onboard.</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 data-path-to-node="12"><b data-path-to-node="12" data-index-in-node="0">How Does It Work? (The Working Mechanism):</b></h3>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-67" data-path-to-node="13"><span class="citation-83">The operational mechanism of Hydrogen Driving Power Cars relies on </span><b data-path-to-node="13" data-index-in-node="67"><span class="citation-83">Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)</span></b><span class="citation-83 citation-end-83"> technology.</span></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="14">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="14,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="14,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">The Electrochemical Process:</b></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="14,0,1">
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-68" data-path-to-node="14,0,1,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="14,0,1,0,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-82">Hydrogen Supply:</span></b><span class="citation-82 citation-end-82"> Compressed hydrogen from the storage tanks is fed into the fuel cell stack.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-69" data-path-to-node="14,0,1,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="14,0,1,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Oxygen Intake:</b><span class="citation-81 citation-end-81"> Intake systems draw oxygen from the surrounding atmosphere.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-70" data-path-to-node="14,0,1,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="14,0,1,2,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-80">Reaction:</span></b><span class="citation-80 citation-end-80"> Hydrogen and oxygen react across a specialized polymer electrolyte membrane inside the fuel cell.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-71" data-path-to-node="14,0,1,3,0"><b data-path-to-node="14,0,1,3,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-79">Power Generation:</span></b><span class="citation-79 citation-end-79"> This reaction generates electricity, which is routed to power the electric traction motors that drive the wheels.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-72" data-path-to-node="14,0,1,4,0"><b data-path-to-node="14,0,1,4,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-78">Eco-Friendly Byproducts:</span></b><span class="citation-78"> The only direct byproduct of this chemical reaction is </span><b data-path-to-node="14,0,1,4,0" data-index-in-node="80"><span class="citation-78">pure water vapor and heat</span></b><span class="citation-78 citation-end-78">.</span> <span class="citation-77">There is </span><b data-path-to-node="14,0,1,4,0" data-index-in-node="116"><span class="citation-77">no combustion, no smoke, and zero tailpipe carbon emissions</span></b><span class="citation-77 citation-end-77">.</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote data-path-to-node="15">
<p data-path-to-node="15,0"><b data-path-to-node="15,0" data-index-in-node="0">The Core Equation:</b> &gt;</p>
<div data-path-to-node="15,1">
<div class="math-block" data-math="\text{Hydrogen} + \text{Oxygen} \rightarrow \text{Electricity} + \text{Water Vapor (Byproduct)}">{Hydrogen} + {Oxygen} -Electricity} + Water Vapor (Byproduct)</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<h3 data-path-to-node="17"><b data-path-to-node="17" data-index-in-node="0">Key Technical Features &amp; Architecture of DPCs:</b></h3>
<ul data-path-to-node="18">
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-73" data-path-to-node="18,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="18,0,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-76">Dual Power Unit Design:</span></b><span class="citation-76 citation-end-76"> A typical trainset utilizes two DPCs (one at each end) to deliver balanced, high-capacity tractive power (often generating up to 1,200 kW to 2,400 kW combined).</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-74" data-path-to-node="18,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="18,1,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-75">Hybrid Energy Management:</span></b><span class="citation-75 citation-end-75"> Combines fuel cell output with high-efficiency LFP batteries to optimize energy delivery during fluctuating loads and varying terrain.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-75" data-path-to-node="18,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="18,2,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-74">Advanced Safety Ecosystem:</span></b><span class="citation-74 citation-end-74"> Because hydrogen is highly flammable, DPCs feature robust, automated safety mechanisms:</span></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="18,2,1">
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-76" data-path-to-node="18,2,1,0,0"><span class="citation-73 citation-end-73">Continuous hydrogen leak detectors, flame sensors, and heat/smoke monitors.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-77" data-path-to-node="18,2,1,1,0"><span class="citation-72 citation-end-72">Automated emergency shut-off valves that isolate the fuel supply instantly if an anomaly is detected.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-78" data-path-to-node="18,2,1,2,0"><span class="citation-71 citation-end-71">Non-stop forced ventilation systems to safely dilute and dissipate any trace leaks.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-79" data-path-to-node="18,2,1,3,0"><span class="citation-70">Compliance with rigorous international standards (such as </span><b data-path-to-node="18,2,1,3,0" data-index-in-node="58"><span class="citation-70">ISO 19880</span></b><span class="citation-70"> and </span><b data-path-to-node="18,2,1,3,0" data-index-in-node="72"><span class="citation-70">NFPA-2</span></b><span class="citation-70">) and statutory clearance from the </span><b data-path-to-node="18,2,1,3,0" data-index-in-node="113"><span class="citation-70">Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO)</span></b><span class="citation-70 citation-end-70">.</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 data-path-to-node="20"><b data-path-to-node="20" data-index-in-node="0">Advantages of Hydrogen DPC Technology:</b></h3>
<ul data-path-to-node="21">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="21,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="21,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Zero Direct Emissions:</b> Produces zero carbon or toxic pollutants at the point of operation, improving air quality.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-80" data-path-to-node="21,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="21,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">High Energy Density:</b><span class="citation-69 citation-end-69"> Hydrogen possesses a significantly higher energy density by weight compared to diesel </span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-81" data-path-to-node="21,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="21,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">Rapid Refueling:</b><span class="citation-67 citation-end-67"> Unlike conventional battery-electric vehicles that require long recharging hours, hydrogen tanks can be refueled quickly (comparable to diesel turnaround times).</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_2e67ae2bbcccd0a9-82" data-path-to-node="21,3,0"><b data-path-to-node="21,3,0" data-index-in-node="0">Scalability for Heavy Transport:</b><span class="citation-66 citation-end-66"> Ideal for long-distance and heavy passenger configurations where pure battery-electric solutions face weight and charging constraints.</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h1 data-path-to-node="1"><b data-path-to-node="1" data-index-in-node="0">हाइड्रोजन ड्राइविंग पावर कारें (DPCs) :<br />
</b></h1>
<h3 data-path-to-node="3"><b data-path-to-node="3" data-index-in-node="0">यह चर्चा में क्यों है?<br />
</b></h3>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-122" data-path-to-node="4"><span class="citation-155">स्वच्छ ऊर्जा परिवहन पहलों, विशेष रूप से विशेष </span><b data-path-to-node="4" data-index-in-node="46"><span class="citation-155">हाइड्रोजन ड्राइविंग पावर कारों (DPCs)</span></b><span class="citation-155"> से लैस </span><b data-path-to-node="4" data-index-in-node="91"><span class="citation-155">भारत के पहले स्वदेशी हाइड्रोजन-संचालित ट्रेनसेट</span></b><span class="citation-155 citation-end-155"> के सफल शुभारंभ और तैनाती के साथ हाइड्रोजन-आधारित गतिशीलता सुर्खियों में आ गई है।</span></p>
<p data-path-to-node="5"><b data-path-to-node="5" data-index-in-node="0">जींद-सोनीपत खंड</b> जैसे मार्गों पर संचालित होने वाला यह मील का पत्थर, भारी परिवहन को डीकार्बोनाइज करने, जीवाश्म ईंधन पर निर्भरता कम करने और राष्ट्रीय <b data-path-to-node="5" data-index-in-node="147">नेट जीरो (Net Zero)</b> लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने के लिए हाइड्रोजन ईंधन सेल तकनीक का लाभ उठाने वाले चुनिंदा वैश्विक अग्रणी देशों (जर्मनी, जापान और चीन के साथ) में भारत को शामिल करता है।</p>
<h3 data-path-to-node="7"><b data-path-to-node="7" data-index-in-node="0">हाइड्रोजन ड्राइविंग पावर कार (DPC) क्या है? (What is a Hydrogen Driving Power Car)?</b></h3>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-123" data-path-to-node="8"><span class="citation-154">एक </span><b data-path-to-node="8" data-index-in-node="3"><span class="citation-154">हाइड्रोजन ड्राइविंग पावर कार (DPC)</span></b><span class="citation-154 citation-end-154"> ट्रेनसेट के सिरों पर स्थित एक विशेष लोकोमोटिव पावर कार है, जिसमें ऑनबोर्ड हाइड्रोजन पावर जनरेशन और प्रोपल्शन बुनियादी ढांचा होता है।</span> पारंपरिक डीजल इंजन ले जाने या पूरी तरह से ओवरहेड इलेक्ट्रिक केबल पर निर्भर रहने के बजाय, एक DPC एक स्वायत्त, स्व-उत्पादक स्वच्छ पावर प्लांट के रूप में कार्य करता है।</p>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-124" data-path-to-node="9"><span class="citation-153 citation-end-153">प्रत्येक DPC में मुख्य रूप से तीन तकनीकी इकाइयां शामिल होती हैं:</span></p>
<ol start="1" data-path-to-node="10">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="10,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="10,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">हाइड्रोजन फ्यूल सेल स्टैक:</b> एक इलेक्ट्रोकेमिकल प्रतिक्रिया के माध्यम से संग्रहीत हाइड्रोजन को बिजली में परिवर्तित करता है।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-125" data-path-to-node="10,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="10,1,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-152">लिथियम आयरन फॉस्फेट (LFP) बैटरी:</span></b><span class="citation-152 citation-end-152"> बैकअप पावर संग्रहीत करती है, पीक एक्सीलरेशन के दौरान सहायता करती है, और रीजेनरेटिव ब्रेकिंग के माध्यम से ऊर्जा कैप्चर करती है।</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="10,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="10,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">उच्च दबाव वाले हाइड्रोजन स्टोरेज सिलेंडर:</b> संपीड़ित हाइड्रोजन ईंधन को सुरक्षित रूप से ऑनबोर्ड स्टोर करते हैं।</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 data-path-to-node="12"><b data-path-to-node="12" data-index-in-node="0">यह कैसे काम करता है? (कार्य तंत्र):</b></h3>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-126" data-path-to-node="13"><span class="citation-151">हाइड्रोजन ड्राइविंग पावर कारों की कार्यप्रणाली </span><b data-path-to-node="13" data-index-in-node="47"><span class="citation-151">प्रोटॉन एक्सचेंज मेंबर्रेन फ्यूल सेल (PEMFC)</span></b><span class="citation-151 citation-end-151"> तकनीक पर आधारित है।</span></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="14">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="14,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="14,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">इलेक्ट्रोकेमिकल प्रक्रिया:</b></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="14,0,1">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="14,0,1,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="14,0,1,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">हाइड्रोजन की आपूर्ति:</b> स्टोरेज टैंक से संपीड़ित हाइड्रोजन को फ्यूल सेल स्टैक में भेजा जाता है।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-127" data-path-to-node="14,0,1,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="14,0,1,1,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-150">ऑक्सीजन का सेवन:</span></b><span class="citation-150 citation-end-150"> इनटेक सिस्टम आसपास के वायुमंडल से ऑक्सीजन खींचते हैं।</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-128" data-path-to-node="14,0,1,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="14,0,1,2,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-149">प्रतिक्रिया:</span></b><span class="citation-149 citation-end-149"> फ्यूल सेल के अंदर एक विशेष बहुलक इलेक्ट्रोड झिल्ली (polymer electrolyte membrane) पर हाइड्रोजन और ऑक्सीजन प्रतिक्रिया करते हैं।</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-129" data-path-to-node="14,0,1,3,0"><b data-path-to-node="14,0,1,3,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-148">बिजली उत्पादन:</span></b><span class="citation-148 citation-end-148"> यह प्रतिक्रिया बिजली उत्पन्न करती है, जिसे पहियों को चलाने वाली इलेक्ट्रिक ट्रैक्शन मोटरों को पावर देने के लिए भेजा जाता है।</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-130" data-path-to-node="14,0,1,4,0"><b data-path-to-node="14,0,1,4,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-147">पर्यावरण के अनुकूल उपोत्पाद:</span></b><span class="citation-147"> इस रासायनिक प्रतिक्रिया का एकमात्र सीधा उपोत्पाद </span><b data-path-to-node="14,0,1,4,0" data-index-in-node="78"><span class="citation-147">शुद्ध जल वाष्प (Water Vapor) और गर्मी</span></b><span class="citation-147 citation-end-147"> है।</span> <span class="citation-146">इसमें </span><b data-path-to-node="14,0,1,4,0" data-index-in-node="126"><span class="citation-146">कोई दहन नहीं, कोई धुआं नहीं और शून्य टेलपाइप कार्बन उत्सर्जन</span></b><span class="citation-146 citation-end-146"> होता है।</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 data-path-to-node="17"><b data-path-to-node="17" data-index-in-node="0">मुख्य तकनीकी विशेषताएं और वास्तुकला:</b></h3>
<ul data-path-to-node="18">
<li>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-131" data-path-to-node="18,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="18,0,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-145">डुअल पावर यूनिट डिज़ाइन:</span></b><span class="citation-145 citation-end-145"> एक सामान्य ट्रेनसेट में संतुलित, उच्च-क्षमता वाली ट्रैक्शन पावर देने के लिए दो DPCs (प्रत्येक छोर पर एक) का उपयोग किया जाता है।</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-132" data-path-to-node="18,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="18,1,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-144">हाइब्रिड ऊर्जा प्रबंधन:</span></b><span class="citation-144 citation-end-144"> उतार-चढ़ाव वाले भार और अलग-अलग इलाकों के दौरान ऊर्जा वितरण को अनुकूलित करने के लिए फ्यूल सेल आउटपुट को उच्च-कुशलता वाली LFP बैटरियों के साथ जोड़ता है।</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-133" data-path-to-node="18,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="18,2,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-143">उन्नत सुरक्षा पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र:</span></b><span class="citation-143 citation-end-143"> चूंकि हाइड्रोजन अत्यधिक ज्वलनशील है, इसलिए DPCs में मजबूत और स्वचालित सुरक्षा तंत्र शामिल हैं:</span></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="18,2,1">
<li>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-134" data-path-to-node="18,2,1,0,0"><span class="citation-142 citation-end-142">निरंतर हाइड्रोजन लीक डिटेक्टर, फ्लेम सेंसर और हीट/स्मोक मॉनिटर।</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="18,2,1,1,0">स्वचालित आपातकालीन शट-ऑफ वाल्व जो विसंगति का पता चलने पर ईंधन की आपूर्ति को तुरंत अलग कर देते हैं।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-135" data-path-to-node="18,2,1,2,0"><span class="citation-141 citation-end-141">किसी भी रिसाव को सुरक्षित रूप से फैलाने के लिए नॉन-स्टॉप फोर्स्ड वेंटिलेशन सिस्टम।</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 data-path-to-node="20"><b data-path-to-node="20" data-index-in-node="0">हाइड्रोजन DPC तकनीक के लाभ:</b></h3>
<ul data-path-to-node="21">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="21,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="21,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">शून्य प्रत्यक्ष उत्सर्जन:</b> संचालन के बिंदु पर शून्य कार्बन या विषैले प्रदूषक उत्पन्न होते हैं, जिससे वायु गुणवत्ता में सुधार होता है।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-136" data-path-to-node="21,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="21,1,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-140">उच्च ऊर्जा घनत्व:</span></b><span class="citation-140 citation-end-140"> डीजल की तुलना में हाइड्रोजन का वजन के आधार पर ऊर्जा घनत्व काफी अधिक होता है (</span><span class="math-inline" data-math="\approx 120\text{ MJ/kg}" data-index-in-node="95">$\approx 120\text{ MJ/kg}$</span><span class="citation-139 citation-end-139"> बनाम </span><span class="math-inline" data-math="\approx 43\text{ MJ/kg}" data-index-in-node="125">$\approx 43\text{ MJ/kg}$</span><span class="citation-138 citation-end-138">).</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_e58b24533c9a1c3f-137" data-path-to-node="21,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="21,2,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-137">त्वरित ईंधन भरना (Refueling):</span></b><span class="citation-137 citation-end-137"> पारंपरिक बैटरी-इलेक्ट्रिक वाहनों के विपरीत जिन्हें लंबे समय तक चार्ज करने की आवश्यकता होती है, हाइड्रोजन टैंकों को जल्दी से फिर से भरा जा सकता है।</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>What is Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene ? commonly known as BOPP,</title>
		<link>https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/current-affair/what-is-biaxially-oriented-polypropylene-commonly-known-as-bopp/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[vdAdmin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 18 Jul 2026 13:06:44 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/?post_type=current-affair&#038;p=12844</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is taking a major step toward introducing polymer (plastic) currency in India. Its subsidiary, BRBNMPL, has launched a global tender to source specialized polymer sheets for a trial run. Key Points: The Trial: The RBI is seeking 68,000 reams of polymer substrate to print two denominations (likely ₹10 and [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p data-path-to-node="1">The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is taking a major step toward introducing <b data-path-to-node="1" data-index-in-node="74">polymer (plastic) currency</b> in India. Its subsidiary, BRBNMPL, has launched a <b data-path-to-node="1" data-index-in-node="151">global tender</b> to source specialized polymer sheets for a trial run.</p>
<h3 data-path-to-node="3"><b data-path-to-node="3" data-index-in-node="0">Key Points:</b></h3>
<ul data-path-to-node="4">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="4,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="4,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">The Trial:</b> The RBI is seeking 68,000 reams of polymer substrate to print two denominations (likely ₹10 and ₹20).</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 data-path-to-node="2">Why use Polymer instead of Paper?</h3>
<p id="p-rc_81d2a71516982229-39" data-path-to-node="3"><span class="citation-19">The transition to polymer is primarily driven by three factors: </span><b data-path-to-node="3" data-index-in-node="64"><span class="citation-19 citation-end-19">Security, Durability, and Lifecycle Cost.</span></b></p>
<table data-path-to-node="4">
<thead>
<tr>
<td><strong>Feature</strong></td>
<td><strong>Paper Banknotes</strong></td>
<td><strong>Polymer Banknotes</strong></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span data-path-to-node="4,1,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="4,1,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Durability</b></span></td>
<td><span data-path-to-node="4,1,1,0">Absorbs dirt, moisture, and grease; tears easily.</span></td>
<td><span data-path-to-node="4,1,2,0">Waterproof, dirt-resistant, and tear-resistant.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span data-path-to-node="4,2,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="4,2,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Lifespan</b></span></td>
<td><span data-path-to-node="4,2,1,0">Shorter; requires frequent replacement.</span></td>
<td><span data-path-to-node="4,2,2,0">Lasts 2.5 to 5 times longer than paper.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span data-path-to-node="4,3,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="4,3,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Security</b></span></td>
<td><span data-path-to-node="4,3,1,0">Traditional watermarks and threads.</span></td>
<td><span data-path-to-node="4,3,2,0">Allows for &#8220;see-through&#8221; windows and embedded holograms.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span data-path-to-node="4,4,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="4,4,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Environment</b></span></td>
<td><span data-path-to-node="4,4,1,0">Generally disposed of in landfills.</span></td>
<td><span data-path-to-node="4,4,2,0">Recyclable into other plastic products.</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p data-path-to-node="0">
<p id="p-rc_55f8adf7fbb05789-58" data-path-to-node="0"><b data-path-to-node="0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-66">Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene</span></b><span class="citation-66">, commonly known as </span><b data-path-to-node="0" data-index-in-node="52"><span class="citation-66">BOPP</span></b><span class="citation-66 citation-end-66">, is a specialized, high-performance plastic film.</span> <span class="citation-65 citation-end-65">It is the core material used to create modern polymer banknotes.</span></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="3">
<li>
<p id="p-rc_55f8adf7fbb05789-59" data-path-to-node="3,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="3,0,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-64">Polypropylene (PP):</span></b><span class="citation-64 citation-end-64"> This is the base plastic—a durable, versatile, and lightweight thermoplastic polymer derived from petroleum.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_55f8adf7fbb05789-60" data-path-to-node="3,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="3,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Biaxially Oriented:</b><span class="citation-63 citation-end-63"> This refers to the manufacturing process.</span> <span class="citation-62">The film is stretched in </span><b data-path-to-node="3,1,0" data-index-in-node="87"><span class="citation-62">two directions</span></b><span class="citation-62 citation-end-62"> (biaxially):</span></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="3,1,1">
<li>
<p id="p-rc_55f8adf7fbb05789-61" data-path-to-node="3,1,1,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="3,1,1,0,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-61">Machine direction</span></b><span class="citation-61 citation-end-61"> (lengthwise)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_55f8adf7fbb05789-62" data-path-to-node="3,1,1,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="3,1,1,1,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-60">Transverse direction</span></b><span class="citation-60 citation-end-60"> (crosswise)</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 data-path-to-node="4">Why the &#8220;Stretching&#8221; Matters?</h3>
<p data-path-to-node="5">Standard polypropylene is strong, but when it is &#8220;biaxially oriented,&#8221; it undergoes a transformation that makes it ideal for high-precision uses like currency:</p>
<ul data-path-to-node="6">
<li>
<p id="p-rc_55f8adf7fbb05789-63" data-path-to-node="6,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="6,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Strength &amp; Durability:</b><span class="citation-59 citation-end-59"> Stretching aligns the polymer molecules, giving the film significantly higher tensile strength.</span> <span class="citation-58 citation-end-58">It becomes much harder to tear, puncture, or fray compared to normal plastic.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_55f8adf7fbb05789-64" data-path-to-node="6,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="6,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Dimensional Stability:</b><span class="citation-57 citation-end-57"> It does not stretch or shrink easily when exposed to changes in temperature or humidity.</span> This is critical for banknotes, which must remain a consistent size to be accepted by vending machines and ATMs.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_55f8adf7fbb05789-65" data-path-to-node="6,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="6,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">Clarity:</b><span class="citation-56 citation-end-56"> The stretching process makes the film naturally crystal clear.</span> <span class="citation-55 citation-end-55">This allows manufacturers to leave transparent &#8220;windows&#8221; in the banknote, which are a key anti-counterfeiting feature.</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 data-path-to-node="7">Why it is the &#8220;Gold Standard&#8221; for Banknotes?</h3>
<p data-path-to-node="8">Beyond just being plastic, BOPP is chosen because it solves the major weaknesses of traditional cotton-paper notes:</p>
<ul data-path-to-node="9">
<li>
<p id="p-rc_55f8adf7fbb05789-66" data-path-to-node="9,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="9,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Non-Porous Surface:</b><span class="citation-54 citation-end-54"> Unlike paper, which acts like a sponge (absorbing dirt, sweat, oils, and moisture), BOPP is non-porous.</span> This keeps the notes cleaner and prevents them from getting &#8220;soggy&#8221; or smelling bad after extensive circulation.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_55f8adf7fbb05789-67" data-path-to-node="9,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="9,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Chemical Resistance:</b><span class="citation-53 citation-end-53"> It is highly resistant to oils, chemicals, and water.</span> You could theoretically wash a polymer note in a washing machine, and it would emerge intact.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_55f8adf7fbb05789-68" data-path-to-node="9,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="9,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">Surface Treatment:</b><span class="citation-52 citation-end-52"> During manufacturing, the surface of BOPP can be treated (e.g., using corona or plasma discharge) to make inks and security coatings adhere permanently, preventing the design from wearing off.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="9,3,0"><b data-path-to-node="9,3,0" data-index-in-node="0">Recyclability:</b> While paper notes are usually shredded and buried in landfills, BOPP notes can be granulated and melted down to be repurposed into other plastic goods, such as furniture, plant pots, or construction materials.</p>
</li>
</ul>
]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>Cyclosporiasis Outbreak</title>
		<link>https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/current-affair/cyclosporiasis-outbreak/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[vdAdmin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 18 Jul 2026 07:22:13 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/?post_type=current-affair&#038;p=12837</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Cyclosporiasis Outbreak (GS Paper II: Health/GS Paper III: Science &#38; Tech) Context: A major surge of Cyclosporiasis cases has been reported across the US (particularly in Michigan and Ohio). Key Trigger: Contaminated shredded iceberg lettuce sourced from Mexico and served at specific food chains. About Cyclosporiasis: Pathogen: Caused by the microscopic parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis. Transmission: [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 data-path-to-node="0">Cyclosporiasis Outbreak (GS Paper II: Health/GS Paper III: Science &amp; Tech)</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="1">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Context:</b></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="1,0,1">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,0,1,0,0">A major surge of Cyclosporiasis cases has been reported across the US (particularly in Michigan and Ohio).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,0,1,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,0,1,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Key Trigger:</b> Contaminated shredded iceberg lettuce sourced from Mexico and served at specific food chains.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">About Cyclosporiasis:</b></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="1,1,1">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,1,1,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,1,1,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Pathogen:</b> Caused by the microscopic parasite <i data-path-to-node="1,1,1,0,0" data-index-in-node="45">Cyclospora cayetanensis</i>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,1,1,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,1,1,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Transmission:</b> Fecal-oral route. It spreads when food or water is contaminated with infected human feces. It is <b data-path-to-node="1,1,1,1,0" data-index-in-node="111">not</b> typically transmitted directly from person to person.</p>
</li>
<li><img data-dominant-color="c3c7c7" data-has-transparency="false" style="--dominant-color: #c3c7c7;" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-12838 not-transparent" src="https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cyclopoo.webp" alt="" width="844" height="559" srcset="https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cyclopoo.webp 844w, https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cyclopoo-300x199.webp 300w, https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cyclopoo-768x509.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 844px) 100vw, 844px" />
<ul data-path-to-node="1,1,1">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,1,1,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,1,1,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">Nature of Disease:</b> Seasonal gastrointestinal illness (peaks during summer months).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,1,1,3,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,1,1,3,0" data-index-in-node="0">Symptoms:</b> Watery, explosive diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, fatigue, and low-grade fever lasting from days to over a month.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,1,1,4,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,1,1,4,0" data-index-in-node="0">Treatment:</b> Managed primarily with specific antibiotics.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">Prevention &amp; Food Safety Protocols:</b></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="1,2,1">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,2,1,0,0">The parasite tightly adheres to the &#8220;nooks and crannies&#8221; of leafy greens (lettuce, spinach, cilantro) and berries, making standard washing insufficient sometimes.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="1,2,1,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="1,2,1,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Health Recommendations:</b> Prefer purchasing whole produce/heads of lettuce over pre-washed bagged mixes; strip outer layers, wash under running water, or cook thoroughly to kill the pathogen.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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		<title>Ultrafast Organic Anodes for Next-Generation Batteries/What is Covalent Organic Framework (COF)?</title>
		<link>https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/current-affair/ultrafast-organic-anodes-for-next-generation-batteries-what-is-covalent-organic-framework-cof/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[vdAdmin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 11:36:59 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/?post_type=current-affair&#038;p=12828</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Why in News? Researchers from the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) and the S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences (SNBNCBS)—both under the Department of Science and Technology (DST)—have developed a breakthrough porous organic anode material. This innovation addresses the growing demand for fast-charging, long-lasting, and sustainable battery technology for electric [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h4 data-path-to-node="1"><b data-path-to-node="1" data-index-in-node="0">Why in News?</b></h4>
<p id="p-rc_6de8c26b60074dd6-26" data-path-to-node="2">Researchers from the <b data-path-to-node="2" data-index-in-node="21">Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS)</b> and the <b data-path-to-node="2" data-index-in-node="86">S. N. <span class="citation-17">Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences (SNBNCBS)</span></b><span class="citation-17 citation-end-17">—both under the Department of Science and Technology (DST)—have developed a breakthrough porous organic anode material.</span> <span class="citation-16 citation-end-16">This innovation addresses the growing demand for fast-charging, long-lasting, and sustainable battery technology for electric vehicles and portable electronics.</span></p>
<h4 data-path-to-node="4"><b data-path-to-node="4" data-index-in-node="0">Key Points:</b></h4>
<ul data-path-to-node="5">
<li>
<p id="p-rc_6de8c26b60074dd6-27" data-path-to-node="5,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,0,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-15">Novel Material:</span></b><span class="citation-15"> The team developed a </span><b data-path-to-node="5,0,0" data-index-in-node="37"><span class="citation-15">Covalent Organic Framework (COF)</span></b><span class="citation-15 citation-end-15">, a type of porous organic material.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Performance:</b> Batteries using this anode can reach <b data-path-to-node="5,1,0" data-index-in-node="50">80% charge in just over one minute</b>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_6de8c26b60074dd6-28" data-path-to-node="5,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">Stability:</b><span class="citation-14 citation-end-14"> The material maintains excellent performance over numerous charging and discharging cycles, ensuring durability.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,3,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,3,0" data-index-in-node="0">Versatility:</b> Beyond lithium-ion batteries, the material can also store <b data-path-to-node="5,3,0" data-index-in-node="71">sodium ions</b>, paving the way for more affordable sodium-ion battery technologies.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_6de8c26b60074dd6-29" data-path-to-node="5,4,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,4,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-13">Collaborative Success:</span></b><span class="citation-13 citation-end-13"> This achievement demonstrates the power of rational molecular design and interdisciplinary collaboration in overcoming challenges like slow ion transport and structural instability.</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img data-dominant-color="c7cfcf" data-has-transparency="false" style="--dominant-color: #c7cfcf;" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-12829 not-transparent" src="https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/ultra-fast.webp" alt="" width="825" height="550" srcset="https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/ultra-fast.webp 825w, https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/ultra-fast-300x200.webp 300w, https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/ultra-fast-768x512.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px" /></p>
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<h4 data-path-to-node="7"><b data-path-to-node="7" data-index-in-node="0">What is it?</b></h4>
<ul data-path-to-node="8">
<li>
<p id="p-rc_6de8c26b60074dd6-30" data-path-to-node="8,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="8,0,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-12">Covalent Organic Framework (COF):</span></b><span class="citation-12 citation-end-12"> COFs are crystalline, porous polymers composed of organic building blocks linked by strong covalent bonds.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_6de8c26b60074dd6-31" data-path-to-node="8,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="8,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Mechanism:</b><span class="citation-11"> Unlike conventional inorganic materials (which can be dense and heavy), the COF structure provides </span><b data-path-to-node="8,1,0" data-index-in-node="110"><span class="citation-11">regular, open channels</span></b><span class="citation-11 citation-end-11">.</span> <span class="citation-10 citation-end-10">These channels significantly facilitate the movement of ions (like lithium or sodium), reducing the energy barrier for diffusion.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p id="p-rc_6de8c26b60074dd6-32" data-path-to-node="8,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="8,2,0" data-index-in-node="0"><span class="citation-9">Molecular Design:</span></b><span class="citation-9"> The material&#8217;s molecular structure is precisely engineered to optimize </span><b data-path-to-node="8,2,0" data-index-in-node="89"><span class="citation-9">ion transport</span></b><span class="citation-9">, </span><b data-path-to-node="8,2,0" data-index-in-node="104"><span class="citation-9">charge storage</span></b><span class="citation-9">, and </span><b data-path-to-node="8,2,0" data-index-in-node="124"><span class="citation-9">structural integrity</span></b><span class="citation-9 citation-end-9">.</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 data-path-to-node="10"><b data-path-to-node="10" data-index-in-node="0">Applications:</b></h4>
<ul data-path-to-node="11">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="11,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="11,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Electric Vehicles (EVs):</b> Facilitating extreme fast-charging to match the convenience of conventional refueling.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="11,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="11,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Consumer Electronics:</b> Improving the lifespan and charging speed of smartphones, laptops, and tablets.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="11,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="11,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">Renewable Energy Storage:</b> Providing a low-cost, durable alternative for large-scale energy grid storage.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="11,3,0"><b data-path-to-node="11,3,0" data-index-in-node="0">Affordable Battery Tech:</b> Enabling the shift toward sodium-ion batteries, which utilize more abundant and cheaper materials than lithium.</p>
</li>
</ul>
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		<title>Ban on Paraquat Dichloride</title>
		<link>https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/current-affair/ban-on-paraquat-dichloride/</link>
					<comments>https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/current-affair/ban-on-paraquat-dichloride/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[vdAdmin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2026 07:36:46 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/?post_type=current-affair&#038;p=12801</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has issued a draft notification for a nationwide ban on the herbicide paraquat dichloride. Implementation: The prohibition covers the import, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution, and use of the chemical under Section 27 of the Insecticides Act, 1968. Stakeholder Feedback: Interested parties have 30 days from July 13, 2026, [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>T</strong>he Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has issued a draft notification for a <strong>nationwide ban</strong> on the herbicide <strong>paraquat dichloride</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Implementation</strong>: The prohibition covers the <strong>import, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution, and use</strong> of the chemical under <strong>Section 27</strong> of the <strong>Insecticides Act, 1968</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Stakeholder Feedback</strong>: Interested parties have <strong>30 days</strong> from <strong>July 13, 2026</strong>, to submit objections or suggestions before the order is finalized.</p>
<p><strong> <img data-dominant-color="bfbdbc" data-has-transparency="false" style="--dominant-color: #bfbdbc;" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-12802 not-transparent" src="https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/paraquat.webp" alt="" width="851" height="572" srcset="https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/paraquat.webp 851w, https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/paraquat-300x202.webp 300w, https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/paraquat-768x516.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 851px) 100vw, 851px" /></strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Toxicity and Health Risks:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Deadly Nature</strong>: Paraquat is considered one of the world&#8217;s <strong>deadliest herbicides</strong> due to the <strong>absence of a specific antidote</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Physiological Impact</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Lungs</strong>: Causes irreversible fibrosis, making breathing impossible.</li>
<li><strong>Organ Damage</strong>: Can severely damage the <strong>kidneys, liver, skin, and eyes</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Mortality</strong>: Treatment is largely supportive rather than curative, leading to <strong>exceptionally high mortality rates</strong> in cases of poisoning.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Affected Populations</strong>: Farmers and laborers are at the highest risk through <strong>accidental swallowing</strong>, inhaling <strong>fine spray mists</strong>, or <strong>prolonged skin contact</strong> with wounds.</p>
<p><strong>Global Context and Previous Indian Efforts:</strong></p>
<p><strong>International Status</strong>: Prohibited or phased out in over <strong>70 countries</strong>, including the <strong>European Union, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and China</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Prior Attempts</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Several Indian states previously attempted to restrict use but faced <strong>legal and technical hurdles</strong>.</li>
<li>The current initiative follows recommendations from a <strong>government-appointed expert panel</strong> and the <strong>Registration Committee</strong>, ensuring a unified <strong>nationwide application</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Implications of the Finalized Ban:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Legal Standing</strong>: Upon finalization, all <strong>registration certificates</strong> for paraquat will be <strong>cancelled</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Compliance</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Manufacturers and dealers have <strong>three months</strong> to surrender their certificates.</li>
<li><strong>State governments</strong> are authorized to enforce the order through <strong>inspections</strong> and <strong>penal action</strong> against violators.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Agricultural Misuse</strong>: While officially approved for only <strong>nine crops</strong> (including tea, coffee, and wheat), the chemical was frequently misused for <strong>&#8220;off-label&#8221; applications</strong>, such as drying moong crops before harvest, raising concerns about <strong>residues in the human food chain</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Broader Policy Outlook:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Ongoing Concerns</strong>: India continues to permit the use of other controversial chemicals facing international bans, such as <strong>glyphosate, 2,4-D, dimethoate, and acephate</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Future Outlook</strong>: The ban on paraquat is expected to trigger a <strong>wider conversation</strong> regarding the regulation of other hazardous pesticides that pose <strong>carcinogenic and environmental risks</strong>.</p>
<h2><strong>पैराक्वाट</strong> <strong>डाइक्लोराइड</strong> <strong>पर</strong> <strong>प्रतिबंध:</strong></h2>
<p>कृषि और किसान कल्याण मंत्रालय ने शाकनाशी (हर्बिसाइड) <strong>पैराक्वाट</strong> <strong>डाइक्लोराइड</strong> पर <strong>राष्ट्रव्यापी</strong> <strong>प्रतिबंध</strong> लगाने के लिए एक ड्राफ्ट अधिसूचना जारी की है।</p>
<p><strong>कार्यान्वयन</strong>: यह प्रतिबंध <strong>कीटनाशक</strong> <strong>अधिनियम</strong><strong>, 1968</strong> की <strong>धारा</strong><strong> 27</strong> के तहत रसायन के <strong>आयात</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>निर्माण</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>बिक्री</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>परिवहन</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>वितरण</strong> <strong>और</strong> <strong>उपयोग</strong> पर लागू होगा।</p>
<p><strong>हितधारकों</strong> <strong>की</strong> <strong>प्रतिक्रिया</strong>: इच्छुक पक्ष <strong>13 </strong><strong>जुलाई</strong><strong>, 2026</strong> से <strong>30 </strong><strong>दिनों</strong> के भीतर आदेश को अंतिम रूप देने से पहले अपनी आपत्तियां या सुझाव प्रस्तुत कर सकते हैं।</p>
<p><strong>विषाक्तता</strong> <strong>और</strong> <strong>स्वास्थ्य</strong> <strong>जोखिम</strong><strong>:</strong></p>
<p><strong>घातक</strong> <strong>प्रकृति</strong>: पैराक्वाट को दुनिया के <strong>सबसे</strong> <strong>घातक</strong> <strong>कृषि</strong> <strong>रसायनों</strong> में से एक माना जाता है क्योंकि इसका <strong>कोई</strong> <strong>विशिष्ट</strong> <strong>एंटीडोट</strong><strong> (</strong><strong>इलाज</strong><strong>) </strong><strong>नहीं</strong> <strong>है</strong>।</p>
<p><strong>शारीरिक</strong> <strong>प्रभाव</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>फेफड़े</strong>: यह फेफड़ों में अपरिवर्तनीय फाइब्रोसिस का कारण बनता है, जिससे सांस लेना असंभव हो जाता है।</li>
<li><strong>अंगों</strong> <strong>को</strong> <strong>नुकसान</strong>: यह <strong>गुर्दे</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>लीवर</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>त्वचा</strong> <strong>और</strong> <strong>आंखों</strong> को गंभीर रूप से नुकसान पहुंचा सकता है।</li>
<li><strong>मृत्यु</strong> <strong>दर</strong>: इसका उपचार उपचारात्मक होने के बजाय केवल सहायक है, जिससे विषाक्तता के मामलों में <strong>मृत्यु</strong> <strong>दर</strong> <strong>अत्यधिक</strong> <strong>उच्च</strong> रहती है।</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>प्रभावित</strong> <strong>आबादी</strong>: किसान और खेत मजदूर <strong>आकस्मिक</strong> <strong>निगलने</strong>, <strong>बारीक</strong> <strong>स्प्रे</strong> <strong>धुंध</strong> <strong>में</strong> <strong>सांस</strong> <strong>लेने</strong>, या घावों के साथ <strong>लंबे</strong> <strong>समय</strong> <strong>तक</strong> <strong>त्वचा</strong> <strong>के</strong> <strong>संपर्क</strong> के कारण सबसे अधिक जोखिम में हैं।</p>
<p><strong>वैश्विक</strong> <strong>संदर्भ</strong> <strong>और</strong> <strong>पिछले</strong> <strong>भारतीय</strong> <strong>प्रयास</strong><strong>:</strong></p>
<p><strong>अंतर्राष्ट्रीय</strong> <strong>स्थिति</strong>: <strong>यूरोपीय</strong> <strong>संघ</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>यूनाइटेड</strong> <strong>किंगडम</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>स्विट्जरलैंड</strong> <strong>और</strong> <strong>चीन</strong> सहित <strong>70 </strong><strong>से</strong> <strong>अधिक</strong> <strong>देशों</strong> में इसका उपयोग प्रतिबंधित या चरणबद्ध तरीके से समाप्त कर दिया गया है।</p>
<p><strong>पिछले</strong> <strong>प्रयास</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>कई भारतीय राज्यों ने पहले इसके उपयोग को सीमित करने का प्रयास किया था लेकिन उन्हें <strong>कानूनी</strong> <strong>और</strong> <strong>तकनीकी</strong> <strong>बाधाओं</strong> का सामना करना पड़ा।</li>
<li>वर्तमान पहल एक <strong>सरकार</strong> <strong>द्वारा</strong> <strong>नियुक्त</strong> <strong>विशेषज्ञ</strong> <strong>पैनल</strong> और <strong>पंजीकरण</strong> <strong>समिति</strong> की सिफारिशों के बाद आई है, जो एक एकीकृत <strong>राष्ट्रव्यापी</strong> <strong>अनुप्रयोग</strong> सुनिश्चित करेगी।</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>अंतिम</strong> <strong>प्रतिबंध</strong> <strong>के</strong> <strong>निहितार्थ</strong><strong>:</strong></p>
<p><strong>कानूनी</strong> <strong>स्थिति</strong>: अधिसूचना को अंतिम रूप दिए जाने के बाद, पैराक्वाट के सभी <strong>पंजीकरण</strong> <strong>प्रमाण</strong> <strong>पत्र</strong> <strong>रद्द</strong> कर दिए जाएंगे।</p>
<p><strong>अनुपालन</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>निर्माताओं और डीलरों के पास अपने प्रमाण पत्र जमा करने के लिए <strong>तीन</strong> <strong>महीने</strong> का समय होगा।</li>
<li><strong>राज्य</strong> <strong>सरकारों</strong> को <strong>निरीक्षण</strong> और उल्लंघनकर्ताओं के खिलाफ <strong>दंडात्मक</strong> <strong>कार्रवाई</strong> करने के लिए अधिकृत किया गया है।</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>कृषि</strong> <strong>दुरुपयोग</strong>: हालांकि आधिकारिक तौर पर केवल <strong>नौ</strong> <strong>फसलों</strong> (चाय, कॉफी, गेहूं आदि सहित) के लिए अनुमोदित, इस रसायन का अक्सर <strong>&#8220;</strong><strong>ऑफ</strong><strong>&#8211;</strong><strong>लेबल</strong><strong>&#8221; </strong><strong>अनुप्रयोगों</strong> के लिए दुरुपयोग किया जाता था, जैसे कटाई से पहले मूंग की फसलों को सुखाने के लिए, जिससे <strong>मानव</strong> <strong>खाद्य</strong> <strong>श्रृंखला</strong> <strong>में</strong> <strong>अवशेषों</strong> के पहुंचने की चिंता बढ़ गई है।</p>
<p><strong>व्यापक</strong> <strong>नीतिगत</strong> <strong>दृष्टिकोण</strong><strong>:</strong></p>
<p><strong>लगातार</strong> <strong>चिंताएं</strong>: भारत अभी भी अन्य विवादास्पद रसायनों जैसे <strong>ग्लाइफोसेट</strong><strong>, 2,4-</strong><strong>डी</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>डाइमेथोएट</strong> <strong>और</strong> <strong>एसेफेट</strong> के उपयोग की अनुमति देता है, जो कई देशों में प्रतिबंधों या स्वास्थ्य और पर्यावरणीय चिंताओं का सामना कर रहे हैं।</p>
<p><strong>भविष्य</strong> <strong>की</strong> <strong>संभावनाएं</strong>: पैराक्वाट पर प्रतिबंध से अन्य खतरनाक कीटनाशकों के नियमन के संबंध में एक <strong>व्यापक</strong> <strong>चर्चा</strong> शुरू होने की उम्मीद है जो <strong>कार्सिनोजेनिक</strong><strong> (</strong><strong>कैंसरकारी</strong><strong>) </strong><strong>और</strong> <strong>पर्यावरणीय</strong> <strong>जोखिम</strong> पैदा करते हैं।</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
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		<title> Long March 10C, an all-methalox reusable rocket</title>
		<link>https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/current-affair/long-march-10c-an-all-methalox-reusable-rocket/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[vdAdmin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 09:07:36 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/?post_type=current-affair&#038;p=12747</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Why in News? 10 July 2026: China successfully achieved its first orbital booster recovery using a sea-based net capture system after the maiden flight of Long March 10B. China also announced the Long March 10C, an all-methalox reusable rocket, strengthening its commercial launch capabilities. Key Developments: First successful reusable booster recovery in China&#8217;s orbital launch program. Marks a significant milestone in reusable launch vehicle [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 data-section-id="1p01a38" data-start="94" data-end="113"><span role="text"><strong data-start="97" data-end="113">Why in News?</strong></span></h2>
<ul data-start="114" data-end="422">
<li data-section-id="154d0hy" data-start="114" data-end="288">
<p data-start="116" data-end="288"><strong data-start="116" data-end="133">10 July 2026:</strong> China successfully achieved its <strong data-start="166" data-end="200">first orbital booster recovery</strong> using a <strong data-start="209" data-end="241">sea-based net capture system</strong> after the maiden flight of <strong data-start="269" data-end="287">Long March 10B</strong>.</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="daqpv0" data-start="289" data-end="422">
<p data-start="291" data-end="422">China also announced the <strong data-start="316" data-end="334">Long March 10C</strong>, an <strong data-start="339" data-end="371">all-methalox reusable rocket</strong>, strengthening its commercial launch capabilities.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-section-id="1vsnkgi" data-start="429" data-end="452"><span role="text"><strong data-start="432" data-end="452">Key Developments:</strong></span></h2>
<ul data-start="453" data-end="807">
<li data-section-id="590cs2" data-start="453" data-end="536">
<p data-start="455" data-end="536"><strong data-start="455" data-end="501">First successful reusable booster recovery</strong> in China&#8217;s orbital launch program.</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="i028f1" data-start="537" data-end="607">
<p data-start="539" data-end="607">Marks a significant milestone in reusable launch vehicle technology.</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="1jjajqm" data-start="608" data-end="721">
<p data-start="610" data-end="640">Supports China&#8217;s ambitions in:</p>
<ul data-start="643" data-end="721">
<li data-section-id="ny2qis" data-start="643" data-end="674">
<p data-start="645" data-end="674">Commercial satellite launches</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="1elhhkb" data-start="677" data-end="696">
<p data-start="679" data-end="696">Human spaceflight</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="1vh9exi" data-start="699" data-end="721">
<p data-start="701" data-end="721">Crewed Moon missions</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-section-id="de9ktk" data-start="722" data-end="807">
<p data-start="724" data-end="807">Demonstrates progress toward reducing launch costs and increasing launch frequency.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-section-id="k66kw9" data-start="814" data-end="848"><span role="text"><strong data-start="817" data-end="848">Long March 10 Rocket Family:</strong></span></h2>
<div class="TyagGW_tableContainer">
<div class="group TyagGW_tableWrapper flex flex-col-reverse w-fit" tabindex="-1">
<table class="w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)" data-start="850" data-end="1190">
<thead data-start="850" data-end="889">
<tr data-start="850" data-end="889">
<th class="last:pe-10" data-start="850" data-end="860" data-col-size="sm">Variant</th>
<th class="last:pe-10" data-start="860" data-end="873" data-col-size="sm">Propellant</th>
<th class="last:pe-10" data-start="873" data-end="889" data-col-size="md">Primary Role</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody data-start="930" data-end="1190">
<tr data-start="930" data-end="1004">
<td data-start="930" data-end="951" data-col-size="sm"><strong data-start="932" data-end="950">Long March 10A</strong></td>
<td data-col-size="sm" data-start="951" data-end="961">Kerolox</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="961" data-end="1004">Human spaceflight (Mengzhou spacecraft)</td>
</tr>
<tr data-start="1005" data-end="1108">
<td data-start="1005" data-end="1026" data-col-size="sm"><strong data-start="1007" data-end="1025">Long March 10B</strong></td>
<td data-col-size="sm" data-start="1026" data-end="1059">Kerolox + Methalox upper stage</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="1059" data-end="1108">Commercial launches &amp; technology demonstrator</td>
</tr>
<tr data-start="1109" data-end="1190">
<td data-start="1109" data-end="1130" data-col-size="sm"><strong data-start="1111" data-end="1129">Long March 10C</strong></td>
<td data-start="1130" data-end="1147" data-col-size="sm">Fully Methalox</td>
<td data-start="1147" data-end="1190" data-col-size="md">Heavy-lift reusable commercial launcher</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="relative h-0 self-end select-none">
<div class="absolute end-0 flex items-end"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 data-section-id="1u5i5g" data-start="1197" data-end="1221"><span role="text"><strong data-start="1200" data-end="1221">What is Methalox?</strong></span></h2>
<ul data-start="1222" data-end="1290">
<li data-section-id="15o24k4" data-start="1222" data-end="1254">
<p data-start="1224" data-end="1254"><strong data-start="1224" data-end="1233">Fuel:</strong> Liquid Methane (CH₄)</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="1ulx2bc" data-start="1255" data-end="1290">
<p data-start="1257" data-end="1290"><strong data-start="1257" data-end="1270">Oxidizer:</strong> Liquid Oxygen (LOX)</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 data-section-id="1l3n95q" data-start="1292" data-end="1306">Advantages:</h3>
<ul data-start="1307" data-end="1457">
<li data-section-id="c4b336" data-start="1307" data-end="1340">
<p data-start="1309" data-end="1340">Cleaner combustion (less soot).</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="1h4k06t" data-start="1341" data-end="1363">
<p data-start="1343" data-end="1363">Easier engine reuse.</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="12hcgiw" data-start="1364" data-end="1384">
<p data-start="1366" data-end="1384">Higher efficiency.</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="e0rqow" data-start="1385" data-end="1411">
<p data-start="1387" data-end="1411">Lower maintenance costs.</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="mwjfup" data-start="1412" data-end="1457">
<p data-start="1414" data-end="1457">Suitable for deep-space and lunar missions.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-section-id="1rukugk" data-start="1464" data-end="1487"><span role="text"><strong data-start="1467" data-end="1487">Booster Recovery:</strong></span></h2>
<ul data-start="1488" data-end="1691">
<li data-section-id="1ekqhs6" data-start="1488" data-end="1559">
<p data-start="1490" data-end="1559">Recovery through a <strong data-start="1509" data-end="1558">sea vessel equipped with a net capture system</strong>.</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="1m9ni6x" data-start="1560" data-end="1612">
<p data-start="1562" data-end="1612">Alternative to SpaceX&#8217;s vertical landing approach.</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="1dxpk7d" data-start="1613" data-end="1691">
<p data-start="1615" data-end="1623">Enables:</p>
<ul data-start="1626" data-end="1691">
<li data-section-id="1yz9buj" data-start="1626" data-end="1639">
<p data-start="1628" data-end="1639">Reusability</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="1f4awnd" data-start="1642" data-end="1664">
<p data-start="1644" data-end="1664">Reduced launch costs</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="lmypys" data-start="1667" data-end="1691">
<p data-start="1669" data-end="1691">Faster turnaround time</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-section-id="z409ak" data-start="1698" data-end="1720"><span role="text"><strong data-start="1701" data-end="1720">Launch Capacity:</strong></span></h2>
<ul data-start="1721" data-end="1913">
<li data-section-id="1ly5cck" data-start="1721" data-end="1788">
<p data-start="1723" data-end="1788"><strong data-start="1723" data-end="1742">Long March 10B:</strong> ~16 tonnes to Low Earth Orbit (Reusable Mode)</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="1xwnxma" data-start="1789" data-end="1913">
<p data-start="1791" data-end="1913"><strong data-start="1791" data-end="1810">Long March 10C:</strong> Expected to exceed <strong data-start="1830" data-end="1850">25 tonnes to LEO</strong>, making it China&#8217;s most capable operational reusable launcher.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-section-id="1gqkj0z" data-start="1920" data-end="1948"><span role="text"><strong data-start="1923" data-end="1948">Institutional Support:</strong></span></h2>
<ul data-start="1949" data-end="2280">
<li data-section-id="1h12vo" data-start="1949" data-end="2041">
<p data-start="1951" data-end="2005"><strong data-start="1951" data-end="2005">CALT (China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology):</strong></p>
<ul data-start="2008" data-end="2041">
<li data-section-id="upu3ib" data-start="2008" data-end="2041">
<p data-start="2010" data-end="2041">Developed Long March 10 series.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-section-id="1ce4zzh" data-start="2042" data-end="2172">
<p data-start="2044" data-end="2106"><strong data-start="2044" data-end="2106">CASC (China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation):</strong></p>
<ul data-start="2109" data-end="2172">
<li data-section-id="f9l4sk" data-start="2109" data-end="2172">
<p data-start="2111" data-end="2172">Parent organization overseeing China&#8217;s major launch programs.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-section-id="dd155m" data-start="2173" data-end="2280">
<p data-start="2175" data-end="2229"><strong data-start="2175" data-end="2229">SAST (Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology):</strong></p>
<ul data-start="2232" data-end="2280">
<li data-section-id="1j9eiit" data-start="2232" data-end="2280">
<p data-start="2234" data-end="2280">Developing <strong data-start="2245" data-end="2263">Long March 12A</strong> reusable rocket.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-section-id="1ottd8b" data-start="2287" data-end="2318"><span role="text"><strong data-start="2290" data-end="2318">Infrastructure Expansion:</strong></span></h2>
<ul data-start="2319" data-end="2498">
<li data-section-id="1ekyvk6" data-start="2319" data-end="2401">
<p data-start="2321" data-end="2401">Two additional launch pads under development at <strong data-start="2369" data-end="2400">Hainan Commercial Spaceport</strong>.</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="6u7edb" data-start="2402" data-end="2441">
<p data-start="2404" data-end="2441">Expected operational by <strong data-start="2428" data-end="2440">end-2026</strong>.</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="14ycejy" data-start="2442" data-end="2498">
<p data-start="2444" data-end="2498">Improved launch frequency and recovery infrastructure.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img data-dominant-color="cacecf" data-has-transparency="false" style="--dominant-color: #cacecf;" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-12749 not-transparent" src="https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/methalox.webp" alt="" width="855" height="572" srcset="https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/methalox.webp 855w, https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/methalox-300x201.webp 300w, https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/methalox-768x514.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 855px) 100vw, 855px" /></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2 data-section-id="1nyqguy" data-start="2505" data-end="2524"><span role="text"><strong data-start="2508" data-end="2524">Significance:</strong></span></h2>
<ul data-start="2525" data-end="2816">
<li data-section-id="1su9r11" data-start="2525" data-end="2601">
<p data-start="2527" data-end="2601">Boosts China&#8217;s competitiveness in the <strong data-start="2565" data-end="2600">global commercial launch market</strong>.</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="bzfcwp" data-start="2602" data-end="2651">
<p data-start="2604" data-end="2651">Advances indigenous reusable rocket technology.</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="h59587" data-start="2652" data-end="2743">
<p data-start="2654" data-end="2743">Supports <strong data-start="2663" data-end="2689">Tiangong Space Station</strong>, satellite constellations, and future lunar missions.</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="1qcq7d9" data-start="2744" data-end="2816">
<p data-start="2746" data-end="2816">Challenges the dominance of reusable launch providers like <strong data-start="2805" data-end="2815">SpaceX</strong>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-section-id="1dqh54q" data-start="2823" data-end="2843"><span role="text"><strong data-start="2826" data-end="2843">Prelims Facts:</strong></span></h2>
<ul data-start="2844" data-end="3139">
<li data-section-id="jq2j94" data-start="2844" data-end="2898">
<p data-start="2846" data-end="2898"><strong data-start="2846" data-end="2898">Methalox = Liquid Methane + Liquid Oxygen (LOX).</strong></p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="1notehp" data-start="2899" data-end="2953">
<p data-start="2901" data-end="2953"><strong data-start="2901" data-end="2953">Kerolox = RP-1 (Kerosene) + Liquid Oxygen (LOX).</strong></p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="1fmwbth" data-start="2954" data-end="3057">
<p data-start="2956" data-end="3057">Long March 10 series is designed for <strong data-start="2993" data-end="3056">commercial launches, crewed missions, and lunar exploration</strong>.</p>
</li>
<li data-section-id="z5adgr" data-start="3058" data-end="3139">
<p data-start="3060" data-end="3139">China used a <strong data-start="3073" data-end="3099">sea-based net recovery</strong> instead of propulsive vertical landing.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="0">चर्चा में क्यों है?</h2>
<p data-path-to-node="1"><b data-path-to-node="1" data-index-in-node="0">10 जुलाई 2026:</b> चीन ने &#8216;लॉन्ग मार्च 10B&#8217; (Long March 10B) की पहली उड़ान के बाद, <b data-path-to-node="1" data-index-in-node="79">समुद्र-आधारित नेट कैप्चर सिस्टम</b> (sea-based net capture system) का उपयोग करके अपना <b data-path-to-node="1" data-index-in-node="161">पहला ऑर्बिटल बूस्टर रिकवरी</b> सफलतापूर्वक हासिल कर लिया है।</p>
<p data-path-to-node="2">साथ ही, चीन ने &#8216;लॉन्ग मार्च 10C&#8217; (Long March 10C) की घोषणा की, जो एक <b data-path-to-node="2" data-index-in-node="69">पूर्णतः मेथालॉक्स (Methalox) आधारित पुन: प्रयोज्य (reusable) रॉकेट</b> है। इससे चीन की वाणिज्यिक प्रक्षेपण क्षमताओं (commercial launch capabilities) में मजबूती आई है।</p>
<h3 data-path-to-node="4">प्रमुख घटनाक्रम</h3>
<ul data-path-to-node="5">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">उपलब्धि:</b> चीन के ऑर्बिटल लॉन्च कार्यक्रम में पहली बार बूस्टर रिकवरी सफल रही।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">महत्व:</b> यह पुन: प्रयोज्य प्रक्षेपण यान (Reusable Launch Vehicle) तकनीक में एक महत्वपूर्ण मील का पत्थर है।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">चीन के लक्ष्यों को समर्थन:</b></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="5,2,1">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,2,1,0,0">वाणिज्यिक उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,2,1,1,0">मानव अंतरिक्ष उड़ान।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,2,1,2,0">चंद्रमा पर मानव मिशन।</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,3,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,3,0" data-index-in-node="0">प्रभाव:</b> प्रक्षेपण लागत को कम करने और प्रक्षेपण की आवृत्ति (launch frequency) बढ़ाने की दिशा में प्रगति का प्रदर्शन।</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 data-path-to-node="7">लॉन्ग मार्च 10 रॉकेट परिवार:</h3>
<table data-path-to-node="8">
<thead>
<tr>
<td><strong>वेरिएंट</strong></td>
<td><strong>प्रणोदक (Propellant)</strong></td>
<td><strong>प्राथमिक भूमिका</strong></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span data-path-to-node="8,1,0,0">लॉन्ग मार्च 10A</span></td>
<td><span data-path-to-node="8,1,1,0">केरोलॉक्स (Kerolox)</span></td>
<td><span data-path-to-node="8,1,2,0">मानव अंतरिक्ष उड़ान (मेंगझोऊ अंतरिक्ष यान)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span data-path-to-node="8,2,0,0">लॉन्ग मार्च 10B</span></td>
<td><span data-path-to-node="8,2,1,0">केरोलॉक्स + मेथालॉक्स अपर स्टेज</span></td>
<td><span data-path-to-node="8,2,2,0">वाणिज्यिक प्रक्षेपण और तकनीक प्रदर्शन</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span data-path-to-node="8,3,0,0">लॉन्ग मार्च 10C</span></td>
<td><span data-path-to-node="8,3,1,0">पूर्णतः मेथालॉक्स</span></td>
<td><span data-path-to-node="8,3,2,0">हैवी-लिफ्ट पुन: प्रयोज्य वाणिज्यिक लॉन्चर</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 data-path-to-node="10">मेथालॉक्स (Methalox) क्या है?</h3>
<ul data-path-to-node="11">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="11,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="11,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">ईंधन:</b> तरल मीथेन (Liquid Methane &#8211; <span class="math-inline" data-math="CH_4" data-index-in-node="34">$CH_4$</span>)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="11,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="11,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">ऑक्सीडाइज़र:</b> तरल ऑक्सीजन (Liquid Oxygen &#8211; LOX)</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p data-path-to-node="12"><b data-path-to-node="12" data-index-in-node="0">लाभ:</b></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="13">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="13,0,0">स्वच्छ दहन (कम कालिख)।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="13,1,0">इंजन का पुनः उपयोग करना आसान।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="13,2,0">उच्च दक्षता।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="13,3,0">कम रखरखाव लागत।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="13,4,0">गहरे अंतरिक्ष और चंद्र मिशनों के लिए उपयुक्त।</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 data-path-to-node="15">बूस्टर रिकवरी और क्षमता:</h3>
<ul data-path-to-node="16">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="16,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="16,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">रिकवरी तकनीक:</b> नेट कैप्चर सिस्टम से लैस एक समुद्री जहाज के माध्यम से रिकवरी। यह स्पेसएक्स (SpaceX) के वर्टिकल लैंडिंग दृष्टिकोण का एक विकल्प है।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="16,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="16,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">प्रक्षेपण क्षमता:</b></p>
<ul data-path-to-node="16,1,1">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="16,1,1,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="16,1,1,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">लॉन्ग मार्च 10B:</b> लो अर्थ ऑर्बिट (LEO) तक लगभग 16 टन (पुन: प्रयोज्य मोड में)।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="16,1,1,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="16,1,1,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">लॉन्ग मार्च 10C:</b> LEO तक 25 टन से अधिक की उम्मीद, जो इसे चीन का सबसे सक्षम परिचालन पुन: प्रयोज्य लॉन्चर बनाती है।</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 data-path-to-node="18">संस्थागत समर्थन और अवसंरचना:</h3>
<ul data-path-to-node="19">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="19,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="19,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">CALT (चीन एकेडमी ऑफ लॉन्च व्हीकल टेक्नोलॉजी):</b> लॉन्ग मार्च 10 सीरीज का विकास किया।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="19,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="19,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">CASC (चीन एयरोस्पेस साइंस एंड टेक्नोलॉजी कॉर्पोरेशन):</b> चीन के प्रमुख लॉन्च कार्यक्रमों की देखरेख करने वाली मूल संस्था।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="19,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="19,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">SAST (शंघाई एकेडमी ऑफ स्पेसफ्लाइट टेक्नोलॉजी):</b> &#8216;लॉन्ग मार्च 12A&#8217; पुन: प्रयोज्य रॉकेट विकसित कर रही है।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="19,3,0"><b data-path-to-node="19,3,0" data-index-in-node="0">अवसंरचना:</b> &#8216;हैनान कमर्शियल स्पेसपोर्ट&#8217; में दो अतिरिक्त लॉन्च पैड का निर्माण चल रहा है, जो 2026 के अंत तक चालू होने की उम्मीद है।</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 data-path-to-node="21">महत्व:</h3>
<ul data-path-to-node="22">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="22,0,0">यह वैश्विक वाणिज्यिक प्रक्षेपण बाजार में चीन की प्रतिस्पर्धात्मकता को बढ़ाता है।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="22,1,0">यह स्वदेशी पुन: प्रयोज्य रॉकेट तकनीक को आगे बढ़ाता है।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="22,2,0">यह तियांगोंग (Tiangong) अंतरिक्ष स्टेशन, उपग्रह तारामंडल और भविष्य के चंद्र मिशनों का समर्थन करता है।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="22,3,0">यह स्पेसएक्स जैसे पुन: प्रयोज्य लॉन्च प्रदाताओं के प्रभुत्व को चुनौती देता है।</p>
</li>
</ul>
]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>The Guwahati Declaration and BRICS Anti-Drug Cooperation/गुवाहाटी घोषणा और ब्रिक्स (BRICS) एंटी-ड्रग सहयोग:</title>
		<link>https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/current-affair/the-guwahati-declaration-and-brics-anti-drug-cooperation-%e0%a4%97%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%98%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%a3%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%94%e0%a4%b0/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[vdAdmin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2026 09:55:59 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/?post_type=current-affair&#038;p=12664</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Why in News ?  A two-day meeting of the heads of Anti-Drug Agencies from BRICS nations held in Guwahati, Assam. Presidency: The meeting took place under India’s 2026 BRICS Chairship, guided by the theme: “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.” Participating Nations: Brazil, China, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Russia, and the United Arab Emirates [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p data-path-to-node="2,0,0"><strong>Why in News ? </strong> A two-day meeting of the heads of Anti-Drug Agencies from BRICS nations held in <strong>Guwahati, Assam</strong>.</p>
<ul data-path-to-node="2">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="2,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="2,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Presidency:</b> The meeting took place under India’s 2026 BRICS Chairship, guided by the theme: <b data-path-to-node="2,1,0" data-index-in-node="92">“Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.”</b></p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="2,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="2,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">Participating Nations:</b> Brazil, China, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Russia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="4">Key Features of the Guwahati Declaration:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="5">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Information Exchange:</b> Member nations committed to boosting the real-time exchange of intelligence, information, and successful enforcement strategies.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Technological Innovation:</b> Emphasis on promoting innovative technologies, digital tools, and data-driven approaches to combat illicit drug trafficking.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">Legal Framework:</b> All cooperation is to be conducted in accordance with national laws and international obligations.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,3,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,3,0" data-index-in-node="0">Collaborative Framework:</b> India advocated for a fast, trusted, and collaborative cross-border intelligence-sharing framework to effectively dismantle transnational narcotics syndicates.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="7">Emerging Challenges and Concerns:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="8">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="8,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="8,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Synthetic Drugs:</b> The increasing spread of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) and synthetic drugs.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="8,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="8,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Technological Misuse:</b> Criminal organizations&#8217; growing use of darknet, virtual assets (cryptocurrency), and digital platforms.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="8,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="8,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">Supply Chain Threats:</b> Diversion of precursor chemicals and the increasing use of maritime routes for trafficking.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="10">India’s Strategy and Vision:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="11">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="11,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="11,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Zero-Tolerance Policy:</b> India highlighted its &#8220;Zero-Tolerance Policy Against Drugs&#8221; and a &#8220;Three-Year Roadmap (2026–2029)&#8221; based on a <b data-path-to-node="11,0,0" data-index-in-node="133">Network-Centric approach</b>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="11,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="11,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Strategic Objectives:</b> Moving beyond simple seizures to dismantling entire criminal networks, alongside strengthening treatment, de-addiction, and rehabilitation.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="11,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="11,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">New Proposals:</b> India proposed the establishment of a <b data-path-to-node="11,2,0" data-index-in-node="53">BRICS Virtual Working Group</b> and enhanced cross-border training programs.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="11,3,0"><b data-path-to-node="11,3,0" data-index-in-node="0">Human-Centric Approach:</b> A strong focus on mass awareness campaigns, promoting healthy lifestyles, and protecting vulnerable groups—particularly children and youth.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="13">Core Discussion Themes:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="14">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="14,0,0">Leveraging digital technology for real-time drug interdiction.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="14,1,0">Countering drug trafficking operations conducted via the darknet.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="14,2,0">Reinforcing global supply chains against precursor diversion and chemical leakage.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="14,3,0">Implementing evidence-based, people-centric strategies to reduce drug demand.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="16">Conclusion:</h2>
<p data-path-to-node="17">The Guwahati Declaration marks a significant step toward a unified &#8220;BRICS front&#8221; against narcotics. It acknowledges that modern drug trafficking operates through hyper-connected global networks, necessitating consistent, technology-driven cooperation to build a drug-free world for future generations.</p>
<h1 data-path-to-node="0">गुवाहाटी घोषणा और ब्रिक्स (BRICS) एंटी-ड्रग सहयोग:</h1>
<h2 data-path-to-node="1">संदर्भ और उद्देश्य:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="2">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="2,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="2,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">घटना:</b> ब्रिक्स (BRICS) देशों की एंटी-ड्रग एजेंसियों के प्रमुखों की दो दिवसीय बैठक, जो गुवाहाटी, असम में आयोजित की गई।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="2,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="2,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">अध्यक्षता:</b> 2026 में भारत की ब्रिक्स अध्यक्षता के अंतर्गत, जिसका मुख्य विषय &#8220;बिल्डिंग फॉर रेजिलिएंस, इनोवेशन, कोऑपरेशन एंड सस्टेनेबिलिटी&#8221; (लचीलापन, नवाचार, सहयोग और स्थिरता के लिए निर्माण) था।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="2,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="2,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">भागीदार देश:</b> ब्राजील, चीन, इथियोपिया, भारत, इंडोनेशिया, ईरान, रूस और संयुक्त अरब अमीरात।</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="4">गुवाहाटी घोषणा की मुख्य विशेषताएं:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="5">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">सूचना का आदान-प्रदान:</b> सदस्य देशों ने वास्तविक समय (real-time) में खुफिया जानकारी और सफल प्रवर्तन रणनीतियों को साझा करने की प्रतिबद्धता जताई।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">तकनीकी नवाचार:</b> अवैध नशीली दवाओं की तस्करी से निपटने के लिए डिजिटल टूल, डेटा-संचालित दृष्टिकोण और आधुनिक तकनीकों को बढ़ावा देना।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">कानूनी ढांचा:</b> यह सहयोग राष्ट्रीय कानूनों और अंतरराष्ट्रीय दायित्वों के अनुरूप कार्य करेगा।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="5,3,0"><b data-path-to-node="5,3,0" data-index-in-node="0">सहयोगात्मक रूपरेखा:</b> भारत ने सीमाओं के पार नशीली दवाओं के सिंडिकेट्स के खिलाफ त्वरित और विश्वसनीय खुफिया जानकारी साझा करने के लिए एक मजबूत ढांचे का आह्वान किया।</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="7">उभरती चुनौतियां और चिंताएं:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="8">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="8,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="8,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">सिंथेटिक ड्रग्स:</b> नई मनोदैहिक पदार्थों (NPS) और सिंथेटिक नशीली दवाओं का बढ़ता प्रसार।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="8,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="8,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">तकनीकी दुरुपयोग:</b> डार्कनेट, वर्चुअल एसेट्स (क्रिप्टोकरेंसी) और डिजिटल प्लेटफार्मों का अपराधीकरण।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="8,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="8,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">आपूर्ति श्रृंखला:</b> प्रीकर्सर रसायनों का डायवर्जन (गलत उपयोग) और समुद्री मार्गों का तस्करी के लिए बढ़ता उपयोग।</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="10">भारत की रणनीति और दृष्टिकोण:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="11">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="11,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="11,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">जीरो-टोलरेंस नीति:</b> भारत की नशीली दवाओं के प्रति &#8216;जीरो-टोलरेंस&#8217; नीति और &#8216;नेटवर्क-केंद्रित&#8217; दृष्टिकोण (2026-2029 का रोडमैप)।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="11,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="11,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">रणनीतिक लक्ष्य:</b> केवल नशीली दवाओं को जब्त करना नहीं, बल्कि पूरे आपराधिक नेटवर्क को ध्वस्त करना।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="11,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="11,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">नए प्रस्ताव:</b> भारत ने <b data-path-to-node="11,2,0" data-index-in-node="21">&#8216;ब्रिक्स वर्चुअल वर्किंग ग्रुप&#8217;</b> स्थापित करने और सीमा-पार प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रमों को बढ़ाने का प्रस्ताव रखा है।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="11,3,0"><b data-path-to-node="11,3,0" data-index-in-node="0">मानवीय दृष्टिकोण:</b> जागरूकता अभियानों, उपचार, पुनर्वास और युवाओं/बच्चों को नशीली दवाओं के खतरे से बचाने पर विशेष जोर।</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="13">प्रमुख चर्चा के विषय:</h2>
<ul data-path-to-node="14">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="14,0,0">डिजिटल तकनीक का उपयोग करके नशीली दवाओं को रोकने की रणनीति।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="14,1,0">डार्कनेट के माध्यम से होने वाली तस्करी का मुकाबला करना।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="14,2,0">वैश्विक आपूर्ति श्रृंखला को रसायनों के रिसाव (precursor diversion) से सुरक्षित करना।</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="14,3,0">ड्रग की मांग को कम करने के लिए साक्ष्य-आधारित (evidence-based) और जन-केंद्रित रणनीतियां।</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-path-to-node="16">निष्कर्ष:</h2>
<p data-path-to-node="17">गुवाहाटी घोषणा ब्रिक्स देशों के बीच नशीली दवाओं के खिलाफ एक &#8216;संयुक्त मोर्चे&#8217; का निर्माण करती है। यह इस बात पर जोर देती है कि आधुनिक ड्रग तस्करी &#8216;हाइपर-कनेक्टेड&#8217; नेटवर्क के माध्यम से संचालित होती है, जिसे तोड़ने के लिए देशों के बीच निरंतर और प्रभावी सहयोग अनिवार्य है।</p>
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		<title>What is White Gut Disease (WGD)?</title>
		<link>https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/current-affair/what-is-white-gut-disease-wgd/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[vdAdmin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Jul 2026 07:50:09 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/?post_type=current-affair&#038;p=12635</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Why in the News? White Gut Disease (also known as White Feces Disease) is in the news because of a recent outbreak in shrimp ponds across Andhra Pradesh. White Gut Disease (WGD), commonly known as White Feces Syndrome (WFS), continues to be a major health challenge in the global shrimp aquaculture sector, posing a severe [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Why in the News?</strong></p>
<p>White Gut Disease (also known as White Feces Disease) is in the news because of a recent outbreak in <strong>shrimp ponds across Andhra Pradesh</strong>.</p>
<p>White Gut Disease (WGD), commonly known as <strong>White Feces Syndrome (WFS)</strong>, continues to be a major health challenge in the global shrimp aquaculture sector, posing a severe threat to the productivity of the <strong>Pacific White Shrimp (<em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>)</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>What is White Gut Disease?</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Definition</strong>: It is a debilitating <strong>gastrointestinal disease</strong> that primarily affects cultured shrimp.</li>
<li><strong>Key Symptoms</strong>:</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li><strong>Visible Indicators</strong>: White or opaque appearance of the intestine (gut) and the presence of <strong>white floating fecal strings</strong> on the pond surface.</li>
<li><strong>Physiological Impact</strong>: Stunted growth, reduced feed intake, lethargy, and increased mortality rates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>Economic Impact</strong>: It is a significant cause of <strong>economic losses</strong> for the aquaculture industry worldwide, severely impacting export potential and the livelihoods of small-scale shrimp farmers.</li>
</ul>
<p><img data-dominant-color="becbd3" data-has-transparency="false" style="--dominant-color: #becbd3;" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-12636 not-transparent" src="https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/wgd.webp" alt="" width="892" height="489" srcset="https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/wgd.webp 892w, https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/wgd-300x164.webp 300w, https://www.vaidicslucknow.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/wgd-768x421.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 892px) 100vw, 892px" /></p>
<p><strong>Causes: A Multifactorial Approach</strong></p>
<p>WGD is not triggered by a single pathogen; it is a <strong>multifactorial disease</strong> where environmental stress and microbial pathogens interact to compromise the shrimp&#8217;s digestive system. Key factors include:</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Microbial Pathogens</strong>:</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li>Infections caused by specific strains of <strong><em>Vibrio</em></strong> bacteria.</li>
<li>Co-infection with microsporidian parasites like <strong><em>Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP)</em></strong>, which target the hepatopancreas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>Environmental Stressors</strong>: Poor water quality, specifically high levels of <strong>ammonia and nitrite</strong>, which weaken the shrimp&#8217;s immune system.</li>
<li><strong>Management Issues</strong>:</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li><strong>Overfeeding</strong>, which leads to nutrient waste.</li>
<li>Accumulation of <strong>organic sludge</strong> at the pond bottom, creating a breeding ground for pathogens.</li>
<li>Stress induced by rapid changes in pond environmental conditions.</li>
<li>The use of high-health, pathogen-free (SPF) post-larvae during stocking.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>व्हाइट गट डिजीज (WGD)</strong></p>
<p><strong>यह समाचार में क्यों है</strong></p>
<p>व्हाइट गट डिजीज (WGD), जिसे <strong>व्हाइट फेसेस सिंड्रोम (WFS)</strong> के रूप में भी जाना जाता है, वैश्विक झींगा पालन (shrimp aquaculture) क्षेत्र में एक बड़ी स्वास्थ्य चुनौती बनी हुई है। यह मुख्य रूप से <strong>पैसिफिक व्हाइट श्रिम्प (<em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>)</strong> की उत्पादकता के लिए एक गंभीर खतरा है।</p>
<p><strong>व्हाइट गट डिजीज क्या है?</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>परिभाषा</strong>: यह एक <strong>गैस्ट्रोइंटेस्टाइनल (पाचन संबंधी) बीमारी</strong> है जो मुख्य रूप से पालतू झींगों को प्रभावित करती है।</li>
<li><strong>मुख्य लक्षण</strong>:
<ul>
<li><strong>दृश्य संकेतक</strong>: आंत (gut) का सफेद या अपारदर्शी दिखना और तालाब की सतह पर <strong>सफेद तैरते हुए मल के धागे</strong> दिखाई देना।</li>
<li><strong>शारीरिक प्रभाव</strong>: झींगे की वृद्धि रुक जाना, भोजन का सेवन कम होना, कमजोरी और मृत्यु दर में वृद्धि।</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>आर्थिक प्रभाव</strong>: यह दुनिया भर में जलीय कृषि उद्योग के लिए <strong>महत्वपूर्ण आर्थिक नुकसान</strong> का कारण है, जिससे निर्यात क्षमता और छोटे स्तर के झींगा किसानों की आजीविका बुरी तरह प्रभावित होती है।</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>कारण: एक बहुआयामी दृष्टिकोण (Multifactorial Approach):</strong></p>
<p>WGD किसी एक रोगज़नक़ के कारण नहीं होता; यह एक <strong>बहुआयामी बीमारी</strong> है जहाँ पर्यावरणीय तनाव और सूक्ष्मजीव रोगज़नक़ मिलकर झींगे के पाचन तंत्र को खराब करते हैं। इसके प्रमुख कारक हैं:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>सूक्ष्मजीव रोगज़नक़ (Microbial Pathogens)</strong>:
<ul>
<li><strong><em>विब्रियो (Vibrio)</em></strong> बैक्टीरिया के विशिष्ट उपभेदों के कारण संक्रमण।</li>
<li><strong><em>एंटरोसाइटोज़ून हेपेटोपैनेई (EHP)</em></strong> जैसे माइक्रोस्पोरिडियन परजीवी के साथ संक्रमण, जो हेपेटोपैंक्रियास (hepatopancreas) को लक्षित करते हैं।</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>पर्यावरणीय तनाव (Environmental Stressors)</strong>: खराब पानी की गुणवत्ता, विशेष रूप से <strong>अमोनिया और नाइट्राइट</strong> का उच्च स्तर, जो झींगे की प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली को कमजोर करता है।</li>
<li><strong>प्रबंधन संबंधी मुद्दे</strong>:
<ul>
<li><strong>अधिक भोजन देना (Overfeeding)</strong>, जिससे पोषक तत्वों की बर्बादी होती है।</li>
<li>तालाब के तल पर <strong>जैविक कीचड़ (organic sludge)</strong> का जमा होना, जो रोगजनकों के पनपने का स्थान बन जाता है।</li>
<li>तालाब की पर्यावरणीय स्थितियों में अचानक बदलाव से होने वाला तनाव।</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>UPSC मेन्स के लिए महत्व:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>GS पेपर III (अर्थव्यवस्था/कृषि)</strong>: <strong>ब्लू इकॉनमी</strong> की कमजोरियों और मत्स्य पालन क्षेत्र द्वारा सामना की जाने वाली चुनौतियों पर प्रकाश डालता है।</li>
<li><strong>GS पेपर III (प्रौद्योगिकी/विज्ञान)</strong>: सतत जलीय कृषि (sustainable aquaculture) में <strong>जैव-सुरक्षा (biosecurity)</strong> उपायों और रोग प्रबंधन तकनीक की आवश्यकता को दर्शाता है।</li>
<li><strong>GS पेपर III (पर्यावरण)</strong>: गहन जलीय कृषि के पर्यावरणीय प्रभाव, विशेष रूप से जल प्रदूषण और कीचड़ प्रबंधन पर जोर देता है।</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>आगे की राह: प्रबंधन और रोकथाम:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>जैव-सुरक्षा प्रोटोकॉल</strong>: तालाब के पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र में रोगजनकों के प्रवेश को रोकने के लिए सख्त जैव-सुरक्षा लागू करना।</li>
<li><strong>पानी की गुणवत्ता प्रबंधन</strong>: अमोनिया/नाइट्राइट के स्तर को कम करने के लिए वातन (aeration) और पोषक तत्व प्रबंधन सहित जल मापदंडों का नियमित रखरखाव।</li>
<li><strong>तालाब की स्वच्छता</strong>: कीचड़ को समय-समय पर हटाना और तालाब में स्वस्थ माइक्रोबियल संतुलन बनाए रखने के लिए प्रोबायोटिक्स का उपयोग करना।</li>
<li><strong>संतुलित आहार</strong>: पोषक तत्वों के ओवरलोड को रोकने के लिए सटीक फीडिंग प्रथाओं को अपनाना।</li>
<li><strong>रोग मुक्त बीज (Disease-Free Seed)</strong>: स्टॉकिंग के दौरान उच्च-स्वास्थ्य, रोग-मुक्त (SPF) पोस्ट-लार्वा का उपयोग सुनिश्चित करना।</li>
</ul>
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